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Somatostatin

Somatostatin (also known as '''growth hormone inhibiting hormone''' ('''GHIH''') or '''somatotropin release-inhibiting factor''' ('''SRIF''')) is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G-protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones. Somatostatin has two active forms produced by alternative cleavage of a single preproprotein: one of 14 amino acids, the other of 28 amino acids.

Production

Digestive system

Somatostatin is secreted in several locations in the digestive system:
- stomach
- intestine
- delta cells of the pancreas

Brain

Somatostatin is produced by neuroendocrine neurons of the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. These neurons project to the median eminence, where somatostatin is released from neurosecretory nerve endings into the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal circulation. These blood vessels carry somatostatin to the anterior pituitary gland, where somatostatin inhibits the secretion of growth hormone from somatotrope cells. The somatostatin neurons in the periventricular nucleus mediate negative feedback effects of growth hormone on its own release; the somatostatin neurons respond to high circulating concentrations of growth hormone and somatomedins by increasing the release of somatostatin, so reducing the rate of secretion of growth hormone. Somatostatin is also produced by several other populations that project centrally - i.e. to other areas of the brain, and somatostatin receptors are expressed at many different sites in the brain. In particular, there are populations of somatostatin neurons in the arcuate nucleus, the hippocampus and the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract.

Actions

Somatostatin is classified as an inhibitory hormone, whose actions are spread to different parts of the body:

Anterior pituitary

In the anterior pituitary gland, the effects of somatostatin are:
- Inhibit the release of growth hormone (GH) (thus opposing the effects of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH))
- Inhibit the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Gastrointestinal system

- Somatostatin suppresses the release of gastrointestinal hormones
    - Gastrin
    - Cholecystokinin (CCK)
    - Secretin
    - Motilin
    - Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
    - Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)
    - Enteroglucagon
- Lowers the rate of gastric emptying, and reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine
- Suppresses the release of pancreatic hormones
    - Inhibits the release of insulin
    - Inhibits the release of glucagon
- Suppresses the exocrine secretory action of pancreas.

Synthetic substitutes

Octreotide (brand name ''Sandostatin'', Novartis|Novartis Pharmaceuticals) is an peptide|octopeptide that mimics natural somatostatin pharmacologically, though is a more potent inhibitor of growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin than the natural hormone and has a much longer half life (approximately 90 minutes, compared to 2-3 minutes for somatostatin). Since it is absorbed poorly from the gut, it is administered subcutaneously. It is indicated for symptomatic treatment of carcinoid syndrome.
Lanreotide (INN) is a medication used in the management of acromegaly and symptoms caused by neuroendocrine tumors, most notably carcinoid syndrome. It is a long-acting analogue of somatostatin, like octreotide. Lanreotide(as lanreotide acetate) is manufactured by Ipsen, and marketed under the trade name Somatuline. It is available in several countries, including the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada, and was approved for sale in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on August 30, 2007.

References

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Sources: StartLearningNow, Wikipedia | Usage license: GNU FDL

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