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Lied
'''''''''' (plural ''''''''''), (; plural ) is a German language|German word, meaning literally "song"; among English speakers, however, the word is used primarily as a term for European European classical music|romantic music songs, also known as art songs. More accurately, the term perhaps is best used to describe specifically songs set to a German poem of reasonably high literary aspirations, most notably during the nineteenth century, beginning with Franz Schubert and culminating with Hugo Wolf. Typically, '''' are arranged for a single singer and piano. Sometimes '''' are gathered in a '''' or "song cycle"—a series of songs (generally three or more) tied by a single narrative or theme. The composers Franz Schubert and Robert Schumann are most closely associated with this genre of romantic music.
History
For Germany|German speakers the term '''' has a long history ranging from 12th century troubadour songs ('''') via folk songs ('''') and church hymns ('''') to 20th-century workers songs ('''') or protest songs ('''').
In Germany, the great age of song came in the 19th century. German and Austrian composers had written music for voice with keyboard before this time, but it was with the flowering of German literature in the Classical music era|Classical and Romantic period in music|Romantic eras that composers found high inspiration in poetry that sparked the genre known as the ''''. The beginnings of this tradition are seen in the songs of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven, but it is with Franz Schubert|Schubert that a new balance is found between words and music, a new absorption into the music of the sense of the words. Franz Schubert|Schubert wrote over 600 songs, some of them in sequences or song cycles that relate a story—adventure of the soul rather than the body. The tradition was continued by Robert Schumann|Schumann, Johannes Brahms|Brahms, and Hugo Wolf, and on into the 20th century by Richard Strauss|Strauss, Gustav Mahler|Mahler and Hermann Reutter|Reutter .
Other national traditions
The '''' tradition is closely linked with the German language. But there are parallels elsewhere, noticeably in France, with the mélodies of such composers as Hector Berlioz|Berlioz, Gabriel Fauré|Fauré, Claude Debussy|Debussy and Francis Poulenc, and in Russia, with the songs of Modest Mussorgsky|Mussorgsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff|Rachmaninov in particular. England too had a flowering of song, more closely associated however with folk song than with the 19th-century art song, in the 20th century represented by Ralph Vaughan Williams|Vaughan Williams and Benjamin Britten.
Bibliography
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External links
- The Lied and Art Song Texts Page
Category:German music history
Category:Romantic music
Category:Romanticism
Category:Song forms
simple:Lied
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