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Order (biology):''This article is about the taxonomic rank; for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list, see taxonomic order
In Biological classification|scientific classification used in biology, the '''order''' (Latin: ''ordo'', plural ''ordines'') is a taxonomic rank between class (biology)|class and family (biology)|family. The '''superorder''' is a rank between ''class'' and ''order''. Exact details of formal nomenclature depend on the Nomenclature Codes|Nomenclature Code which applies. The Latin suffix ''-(i)formes'' meaning "having the form of" is used for the scientific name of most orders, except for those of mammals and invertebrates.
History of the concept
The order as a distinctive rank of biological classification having its own distinctive name (and not just called a ''top-level genus'' ''(genus summum))'' was first introduced by a Germany|German botanist, Augustus Quirinus Rivinus|August Bachmann in his classification of plants (of treatises in the 1690s). Carolus Linnaeus|Carl Linné was the first to apply it consistently to the division of all three Kingdom (biology)|kingdoms of Nature (minerals, plants, and animals) in his ''Systema Naturae ''(1735, 1st. Ed.).
In French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson's ''Familles naturelles des plantes'' (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word ''famille'' (plural: ''familles'') was used as a French equivalent for this Latin ''ordo''. This equivalence was explicitly stated in the Alphonse Pyrame de Candolle|Alphonse De Candolle's ''Lois de la nomenclature botanique'' (1868), the precursor of the currently used ''International Code of Botanical Nomenclature''.
In the first international ''Rules'' of botanical nomenclature of 1906 the word family (''familia'') was assigned to the rank indicated by the French "famille", while order (''ordo'') was reserved for a higher rank, for what in the nineteenth century had often been named a ''cohors'' (plural ''cohortes'').
Zoology
In zoology, the Linnaean orders were used more consistently. That is, the orders in the zoology part of the ''Systema Naturae'' refer to natural groups. Some of his ordinal names are still in use (e.g. Lepidoptera for the order of moths and Butterfly|butterflies, or Diptera for the order of Fly|flies, mosquitoes, midge (insect)|midges, and gnats).
See also
- Cladistics
- Phylogenetics
- Rank (botany)
- Rank (zoology)
- Biological classification
- Systematics
- Taxonomy
- Virus classification
Category:Scientific classification
Category:Zoological nomenclature
Category:Botanical nomenclature
simple:Order (biology)
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