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Freezing

:''For freezing as a method of food preservation, see frozen food. For a TV series of the same name, see Freezing (TV series). For freezing in terms of computers, see hang (computing)'' In physical science, '''freezing''' or '''solidification''' is the process in which a liquid turns into a solid when cold enough. The Melting point|freezing point is the temperature at which this happens. Melting, the process of turning a solid to a liquid, is almost the exact opposite of freezing. All known liquids undergo freezing when the temperature is lowered with the sole exception of helium, which remains super fluid|fluid at absolute zero and can only be solidified under pressure. For most substances, the melting and freezing points are the same temperature, however, certain substances possess differing solid-liquid transition temperatures. For example, agar melts at 85 °C (185 °F) and solidifies from 31 °C to 40 °C (89.6 °F to 104 °F); this process is known as thermal hysteresis.

Crystallization

Most liquids freeze by crystallization, formation of Crystal|crystalline solid from the uniform liquid. This is a first-order thermodynamic phase transition, which means that as long as solid and liquid coexist, the equilibrium temperature of the system remains constant and equal to the melting point. Crystallization consists of two major events, nucleation and crystal growth. Nucleation is the step where the molecules start to gather into clusters, on the nanometer scale, arranging in a defined and Periodicity|periodic manner that defines the crystal structure. The crystal growth is the subsequent growth of the nuclei that succeed in achieving the critical cluster size.

Exothermic

The freezing of ice is an exothermic reaction because while the water freezes it gathers"cold" and it liberates or releases heat. Enabling the water to freeze. Heat always flows from hot objects to cooler ones until everything is the same temperature

Supercooling

In spite of the second law of thermodynamics, crystallization of pure liquids usually begins at lower temperature than the melting point, due to high activation energy of Nucleation#Homogeneous nucleation|homogeneous nucleation. The creation of a nucleus implies the formation of an interface at the boundaries of the new phase. Some energy is expended to form this interface, based on the surface energy of each phase. If a hypothetical nucleus is too small, the energy that would be released by forming its volume is not enough to create its surface, and nucleation does not proceed. Freezing does not start until the temperature is low enough to provide enough energy to form stable nuclei. In presence of irregularities on the surface of the containing vessel, solid or gaseous impurities, pre-formed solid crystals, or other nucleators, Nucleation#Heterogeneous nucleation|heterogeneous nucleation may occur, where some energy is released by the partial destruction of the previous interface, rising the supercooling point to be near or equal to the melting point. The melting point of water at 1 atmosphere of pressure is very close to 0 °C (32 °F, 273.15 K), and in the presence of Nucleation|nucleating substances the freezing point of water is close to the melting point, but in the absence of nucleators water can Supercooling|super cool to −42 °C (−43.6 °F, 231 K) before freezing. Under high pressure (2,000 Atmosphere (unit)|atmospheres) water will super cool to as low as −70°C (−94°F, 203 K) before freezing .

Vitrification

Certain materials, such as glass or glycerol, may harden without crystallizing; these are called amorphous solids. Amorphous materials as well as some polymers do not have a true freezing point as there is no abrupt phase change at any specific temperature. Instead, there is a gradual change in their Viscoelasticity|viscoelastic properties over a range of temperatures. Such materials are characterized by a glass transition temperature which may be roughly defined as the "knee" point of the material's density vs. temperature graph.

Freezing of biological fluids

Most living organisms accumulate cryoprotectants such as Antifreeze protein|anti-nucleating proteins, polyols, and glucose to protect themselves against Frost#Effect on plants|frost damage by sharp ice crystals. Most plants, in particular, can safely reach temperatures of −4°C to −12°C. Certain bacterium|bacteria, notably ''Pseudomonas syringae'', produce specialized proteins that serve as potent ice nucleators, which they use to force ice formation on the surface of various fruits and plants at about −2°C. The freezing causes injuries in the epithelia and makes the nutrients in the underlying plant tissues available to the bacteria.

Food preservation

Freezing is a common method of food preservation which slows both food decay and the growth of micro-organisms. Besides the effect of lower temperatures on reaction rates, freezing makes water less available for bacterium|bacterial growth.