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Flag
A '''flag''' is a piece of cloth, often flown from a pole or Mast (sailing)|mast, generally used symbolically for signaling or identification. The term ''flag'' is also used to refer to the graphic design employed by a flag, or to its depiction in another medium.
The first flags were used to assist military coordination on battlefields, and flags have since evolved into a general tool for rudimentary signaling and identification, it was especially used in environments where communication is similarly challenging (such as the maritime environment where Flag semaphore|semaphore is used). National flags are potent patriotic symbols with varied wide-ranging interpretations, often including strong military associations due to their original and ongoing military uses. Flags are also used in messaging, advertising, or for other decorative purposes. The study of flags is known as vexillology, from the Latin ''vexillum'' meaning flag or banner.
History
The usage of flags spread from India and China, where they were almost certainly invented,[flag. (2008). Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.] to neighboring Burma, Thailand|Siam, and southeastern Asia.[
The Persians used Drafsch e Kavian as the flag, at the time of Achaemenian dynasty at 550–330 B.C. Afterwards it was used in different look by the late Sassanid era (224-651). It was also representative of the Sassanid state - Ērānshāhr, the "Kingdom of Iran" - and may so be considered to have been the first "national flag" of Iran.
Originally, the standards of the Roman legions were not flags, but symbols such as the eagle of Augustus Caesar's Legio X Fretensis|Xth legion; this graphic of the eagle would be placed on a staff for the standard-bearer to hold up during battle. But a military unit from Dacia had for a standard a dragon with a flexible tail which would move in the wind; the legions copied this, and eventually all the legions had physically flexible standards–the modern-day flag.
During the Middle Ages, flags were used mainly during battles to identify individual leaders: in Europe, the knights; in Japan, the samurai; in China, the generals under the imperial army; and in Mexico, the Aztec alliances.
From the time of Christopher Columbus onwards, it has been customary (and later a legal requirement) for ships to carry flags designating their nationality;][Articles 90-94 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea] these flags eventually evolved into the national flags and maritime flags of today. Flags also became the preferred means of communications at sea, resulting in various systems of flag signals; ''see, International maritime signal flags''.
As European knights were replaced by centralized Army|armies, flags became the means to identify not just nationalities but also individual military units. Flags became objects to be captured or defended. Eventually these flags posed too much of a practical danger to those carrying them, and by World War I these were withdrawn from the battlefields, and have since been used only at ceremonial occasions.
National flags
One of the most popular uses of a flag is to symbolize a nation or country. Some national flags have been particularly inspirational to other nations, countries, or subnational entities in the design of their own flags. Some prominent examples include:
- The flag of Denmark|flag of Denmark is the oldest state flag still in use. This flag, called the Flag of Denmark|Dannebrog, inspired the Nordic Cross Flag|cross design of the other Nordic countries: Flag of Norway|Norway, Flag of Sweden|Sweden, Flag of Finland|Finland, Flag of Iceland|Iceland, and regional flags for the Flag of the Faroe Islands|Faroe Islands, Flag of Åland|Åland, Flag of Skåneland|Scania and Flag of Bornholm|Bornholm.
- The Union Flag (Union Jack) of the United Kingdom is the most commonly used. British colonies typically flew a flag based on one of the ensigns based on this flag, and many former colonies have retained the design to acknowledge their cultural history. ''Examples'': Flag of Australia|Australia, Flag of Fiji|Fiji, Flag of New Zealand|New Zealand, Flag of Tuvalu|Tuvalu, and also the Canadian provinces of Flag of Manitoba|Manitoba, Flag of Ontario|Ontario and Flag of British Columbia|British Columbia, and the American state of Flag of Hawaii|Hawaii; ''see commons:Flags based on British ensigns''.
- The Flag of the Netherlands|Tricolour of The Netherlands is the oldest tricolour|tricolor, first appearing in 1572 as the Prince's Flag in Orange (colour)|orange–white–blue. Soon the more famous red–white–blue began appearing — it is however unknown why, though many stories are known. After 1630 the red–white–blue was the most commonly seen flag. The Dutch Tricolor has inspired many flags but most notably those of Russia, India, New York City, and France, which spread the tricolor concept even further. The Flag of the Netherlands is also the only flag in the world that is adapted for some uses, when the occasion has a connection to the royal house of the Netherlands an orange ribbon is added.
- The national flag of France, the Tricolour|Tricolore was designed in 1794. As a forerunner of revolution, France's tricolour flag style has been adopted by other nations. ''Examples'': flag of Costa Rica|Costa Rica, flag of Dominican Republic|Dominican Republic, Flag of Ireland|Ireland, flag of Haiti|Haiti, Flag of Italy|Italy, Flag of Romania|Romania, Flag of Mexico|Mexico.
- The flag of the United States|flag of the United States, also nicknamed ''The Stars and Stripes'' or ''Old Glory''. In the same way that nations looked to France for inspiration, many countries were also inspired by the American Revolution, which they felt was symbolized in this flag. ''Examples'': Flag of Cuba|Cuba, Flag of Liberia|Liberia, Flag of Chile|Chile, Flag of Malaysia|Malaysia, Flag of Uruguay|Uruguay, and the French region of Flag of Brittany|Brittany.
- The flag of Russia, the source for the Pan-Slavic colors adopted by many Slavic peoples|Slavic states and peoples as their symbols. ''Examples'': Flag of Slovakia|Slovakia, Flag of Serbia|Serbia, Flag of Croatia|Croatia, Flag of Slovenia|Slovenia, and Flag of Bulgaria|Bulgaria (with green replacing blue).
- The original tricolor Flag of Iran, the source for the Pan-Iranian colors ''Green'', ''White'' and ''Red'' adopted by many Indo-Iranian or Aryan states and peoples as their symbols. ''Examples'': Flag of Tajikistan|Tajikistan, Flag of Kurdistan|Kurdistan, Republic of Ararat, Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic|Talysh-Mughan. Some of Iran's non-Iranian neighboring countries also adopted these colors see Flag of Kuwait|Kuwait and Flag of Oman|Oman.
- Ethiopia was seen as a model by emerging African states of the 1950s and 1960s, as it was one of the oldest independent states in Africa. Accordingly, its Flag of Ethiopia|flag became the source of the Pan-African colours|Pan-African colors. ''Examples'': Flag of Togo|Togo, Flag of Senegal|Senegal, Flag of Ghana|Ghana, Flag of Mali|Mali.
- The flag of Turkey|flag of Turkey, which was the flag of the Ottoman Empire, has been an inspiration for the flag designs of many other Muslim nations. During the time of the Ottomans the crescent began to be associated with Islam and this is reflected on the flags of Flag of Algeria|Algeria, Flag of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan, Flag of Comoros|Comoros, Flag of Malaysia|Malaysia, Flag of Mauritania|Mauritania, Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan and of Flag of Tunisia|Tunisia.
- The Pan-Arab colors, green, white, red and black, are derived from the flag of the Arab Revolt|Great Arab Revolt as seen on the flags of Flag of Jordan|Jordan, Flag of Kuwait|Kuwait, Flag of Sudan|Sudan, Flag of Syria|Syria, the Flag of United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates, Flag of Western Sahara|Western Sahara, Flag of Egypt|Egypt, Flag of Iraq|Iraq, Flag of Yemen|Yemen and Palestinian flag|Palestine.
- The Soviet flag, with its golden symbols of the hammer and sickle on a red field, was an inspiration to flags of other communism|communist states, such as Flag of East Germany|East Germany, Flag of the People's Republic of China|People's Republic of China, Flag of Vietnam|Vietnam, Flag of Angola|Angola, Flag of Afghanistan|Afghanistan and Flag of Mozambique|Mozambique.
- The Flag of Venezuela|flag of Venezuela, created by Francisco de Miranda to represent the independence movement in Venezuela that later gave birth to the Republic of Gran Colombia|"Gran Colombia", inspired the individual flags of Flag of Colombia|Colombia and Flag of Ecuador|Ecuador, both sharing three bands of color and three of them (Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela) sharing the yellow, blue and red.
- The Flag of Argentina|flag of Argentina, created by Manuel Belgrano during the war of independence, was the inspiration for the United Provinces of Central America's flag, which in turn was the origin for the flags of Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Nicaragua.
National flag designs are often used to signify nationality in other forms, such as flag patches.
Civil flags
A civil flag is a version of the national flag that is flown by civilians on non-government installations or craft. The use of civil flags was more common in the past, in order to denote buildings or ships that were not manned by the military. In some countries the civil flag is the same as the war flag or state flag, but without the coat of arms, such as in the case of Flag of Spain|Spain, and in others it is an alteration of the war flag.
War flags
Several countries (including the British Army|United Kingdom and the former Nazi Germany) have had unique flags flown by their armed forces, rather than the national flag.
Other countries' armed forces (such as those of the United States or Switzerland) use their standard national flag. The Philippines' armed forces may use their standard national flag, but during times of war the flag is turned upside down - the only known case where an upside down national flag signifies a state of war (and not merely distress.) These are also considered war flags, though the terminology only applies to the flag's military usage.
Large versions of the war flag flown on the warships of countries' navy|navies are known as battle ensigns. In war waving a white flag indicates surrender.
International flags
Among international flags are the Flag of the United Nations and the Olympic symbols#Flag|Olympic flag.
Flags at sea
Flags are particularly important at sea, where they can mean the difference between life and death, and consequently where the rules and regulations for the flying of flags are strictly enforced. A national flag flown at sea is known as an ensign. A courteous, peaceable merchant navy|merchant ship or yacht customarily flies its ensign (in the usual ensign position), together with the flag of whatever nation it is currently visiting at the mast (known as a courtesy flag). To fly one's ensign alone in foreign waters, a foreign port or in the face of a foreign warship traditionally indicates a willingness to fight, with cannon, for the right to do so. As of 2006, this custom is still taken seriously by many naval and port authorities and is readily enforced in many parts of the world by boarding, confiscation and other civil penalties.
In some countries yacht ensigns are different from merchant ensigns in order to signal that the yacht is not carrying cargo that requires a customs declaration. Carrying commercial cargo on a boat with a yacht ensign is deemed to be smuggling in many jurisdictions.
There is a system of international maritime signal flags for numerals and letters of the alphabet. Each flag or pennant has a specific meaning when flown individually.
As well, Flag semaphore|semaphore flags can be used to communicate on an ''ad hoc'' basis from ship to ship over short distances.
Shape and design
Flags are usually rectangular in shape (often in the ratio 2:3, 1:2, or 3:5), but may be of any shape or size that is practical for flying, including square, triangular, or swallow tailed. A more unusual flag shape is that of the flag of Nepal, which is in the shape of two stacked triangles.
Many flags are dyed through and through to be inexpensive to manufacture, such that the reverse side is the mirror image of the obverse (front) side. This presents two possibilities:
- If the design is symmetrical in an axis parallel to the flag pole, obverse and reverse will be identical despite the mirror-reversal e.g. flag of India
- If not, the obverse and reverse will present two variants of the same design, one with the Flag_terminology#Description_of_standard_flag_parts_and_terms|hoist on the left (usually considered the obverse side, see Flag_terminology#Illustrations|flag illustrations), the other with the hoist on the right (usually considered the reverse side of the flag). This is very common and usually not disturbing if there is no text in the design. See also Flag_of_the_United_States#Reverse_side_flag|US reverse side flag.
Some complex flag designs are not intended for through and through implementation, requiring separate obverse and reverse sides if made correctly. In these cases there is a design element (usually text) which is not symmetric and should be read in the same direction, regardless of whether the hoist is to the viewer's left or right. These cases can be divided into two types:
- The same (asymmetric) design may be duplicated on both sides. Such flags can be manufactured by creating two identical through and through flags and then sewing them back to back, though this can affect the resulting combination's responsiveness to the wind. Depictions of such flags may be marked with the symbol Image:IFIS Equal.png, indicating the reverse is congruent to (rather than a mirror image of) the obverse.
- Rarely, the reverse design may differ, in whole or in part, from that of the obverse. Examples are the Flag of Paraguay|national flag of Paraguay, the Flag of Oregon|flag of the U.S. state of Oregon, and the historical Flag of the Soviet Union|national flag of the Soviet Union. Depictions of such flags may be marked with the symbol Image:IFIS Two-sided.png. ''See:'' Flags whose reverse differs from the obverse.
Common designs on flags include crosses, stripes, and divisions of the surface, or ''field'', into bands or quarters — patterns and principles mainly derived from heraldry. A heraldic coat of arms may also be flown as a Banner#Heraldic banners|banner of arms, as is done on both the state flag of Maryland and the flag of Kiribati.
The flag of Libya, which consists of a rectangular field of green, is the only national flag using a single color and no design or insignia.
Color specification
Colors are normally described with common names eg red, but in some cases (eg Canada) the colors are specified using the Pantone#Original Pantone Color Matching System|Pantone color matching system.
Largest flags
The '''largest flag''', as adjudicated by Guinness World Records, is an flag of Israel made by Filipina Grace Galindez-Gupana and unfurled at Masada Airfield in November 2007.[Guinness World Records][Sunnex news article] This flag plus 3 other gigantic national flags and 180 smaller flags of other countries were later sewn together by Gupana's multinational team to form the world's largest banner, covering an area of .[Guinness World Records]
The largest flag regularly hoisted in the world is the Brazilian national flag flown in the Praça dos Três Poderes|Square of the Three Powers in Brasilia, Brazilian capital. This flag weights about 600 kilograms (1,300 pounds) and has 7,000 square meters (70×100 m = 230×330 feet) and has never come down since the capital inauguration.
Other large flags, in excess of that have been constructed, appear in the following list.
Religious flags
Flags can play many different roles in religion. In Buddhism, prayer flags are used, usually in sets of five differently colored flags. Many religion in national flags|national flags and other flags include religious symbols such as the cross, the crescent, or a reference to a patron saint. Flags are also adopted by religious groups and flags such as the Jain flag and the Christian flag are used to represent a whole religion.
See also: Religion in national symbols.
Linguistic flags
As languages rarely have a flag designed to represent them[Why you should not use a flag as a symbol of language], it is a common practice, though unofficial, to use national flags to identify them. Examples of this use include:
- representing language skills of an individual, like a staff member of a company
- displaying available languages on a multilingual website or software.
Though this can be done in an uncontroversial manner in some cases, this can easily lead to some problems for certain languages:
- languages generating language dispute, such as Romanian language|Romanian and Moldavian language|Moldavian which some consider two different languages; and
- languages spoken in World language|more than one country, such as English, Arabic, French, German, Mandarin, Portuguese, Russian or Spanish.
In this second case, common solutions include symbolising these languages by:
- the flag of the country where the language originated
- the flag of the country having the largest number of native speakers
- a mixed flag of the both (when this is not the same)
- the flag of the country most identified with that language in a specific region (Portuguese: Portuguese or Brazilian flag; English: UK)
Thus, on the Internet, it is most common to see the English language associated to the flag of the United Kingdom, but sometimes to the flag of England, the flag of the United States or a US-UK mixed flag, usually divided diagonally.
In sports
Because of their ease of signaling and identification, flags are often used in sports.
- In football (soccer)|Association football (soccer), Assistant Referee (Football)|linesmen carry small flags along the touch lines. They use the flags to indicate to the Referee (Football)|referee potential infringements of the laws, or who is entitled to possession of the ball that has gone out of the field of play, or, most famously, raising the flag to indicate an offside law (football)|offside offence. Officials called ''touch judges'' use flags for similar purposes in both codes of Rugby football|rugby.
- In American Football|American and Canadian football, referees use flags to indicate that a foul has been committed in game play. The phrase used for such an indication is ''flag on the play''. The flag itself is a small, weighted handkerchief, tossed on the field at the approximate point of the infraction; the intent is usually to sort out the details after the current play from scrimmage has concluded. In American football, the flag is usually yellow; in Canadian football, it is usually red.
- In yacht racing, flags are used to communicate information from the race committee boat to the racers. Different flags hoisted from the committee boat may communicate a false start, changes in the course, a canceled race, or other important information. Racing boats themselves may also use flags to symbolize a protest or distress. The flags are often part of the nautical alphabetic system of International maritime signal flags, in which 26 different flags designate the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet.
- In auto racing|auto and Motorcycle sport|motorcycle racing, racing flags are used to communicate with drivers. Most famously, a checkered flag of black and white squares indicates the end of the race, and victory for the leader. A yellow flag is used to indicate caution requiring slow speed and a red flag requires racers to stop immediately. A black flag is used to indicate penalties.
- In addition, fans of almost all sports wave flags in the stands to indicate their support for the participants. Many sports teams have their own flags, and, in individual sports, fans will indicate their support for a player by waving the flag of his or her home country.
- Capture the flag is a popular children's sport.
- In Gaelic football and Hurling a green flag is use to indicate a goal while a white flag is used to indicate a point
- In Australian rules football, the Umpire (Australian rules football)|goal umpire will wave two flags to indicate a goal and a single flag to indicate a point.
- For safety, Glossary of SCUBA diving|dive flags indicate the locations of underwater SCUBA diving|scuba divers.
- In water sports such as Wakeboarding and Water-Skiing, an orange flag is held in between runs to indicate someone is in the water.
Swimming flags
In Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, and the United Kingdom a pair of red/yellow flags is used to mark the limits of the bathing area on a beach, usually guarded by surf lifesaving|surf lifesavers. If the beach is closed, the poles of the flags are crossed. The flags are colored with a red triangle and a yellow triangle making a rectangular flag, or a red rectangle over a yellow rectangle. On many Australian beaches there is a slight variation with beach condition signaling. A red flag signifies a closed beach (or, in the UK, some other danger), yellow signifies strong current or difficult swimming conditions, and green represents a beach safe for general swimming. In Ireland, a red and yellow flag indicates that it is safe to swim; a red flag that it is unsafe; and no flag indicates that there are no lifeguards on duty. Blue flags may also be used away from the yellow-red lifesaver area to designate a zone for surfboarding and other small, non-motorised watercraft.
Reasons for closing the beach include:
- no lifeguards in attendance
- waves too strong
- dangerous rip
- sharks
- tsunami
- hurricane warning
A surf flag exists, divided into four quadrants. The top left and bottom right quadrants are black, and the remaining area is white.
International maritime signal flags|Signal flag "India" (a black circle on a yellow square) is frequently used to denote a "blackball" zone where surfboards cannot be used but other water activities are permitted.
Railway flags
Railways use a number of colored flags. When used as wayside signals they usually use the following meanings (exact meanings are set by the individual railroad company):
- red = stop
- yellow = proceed with care
- green or white or blue = proceed.
- a flag of any color waved vigorously means stop
- A blue flag on the side of a locomotive means that it should not be moved because someone is working on it (or on the train attached to it). A blue flag on a track means that nothing on that track should be moved. The flag can only be removed by the person or group that placed it.
At night, the flags are replaced with lanterns showing the same colors.
Flags displayed on the front of a moving locomotive are an acceptable replacement for classification lights and usually have the following meanings (exact meanings are set by the individual railroad company):
- white = extra (not on the timetable)
- green = another section following
- red = last section
Additionally, a railroad brakeman will typically carry a red flag to make his or her hand signals more visible to the engineer. Railway signals are a development of railway flags.[ ]
In politics
Social and political movements have adopted flags, to increase their visibility and as a unifying symbol.
The socialist movement uses red flags to represent their cause. The anarchist|anarchism movement has a variety of different flags, but the primary flag associated with them is the Anarchist symbolism#Black flag|black flag. In the 1970s, the Rainbow flag (gay movement)|rainbow flag was adopted as a symbol of the LGBT social movements. Bisexual pride flag|Bisexual and transgender pride flags were later designed, in an attempt to emulate the rainbow flag's success. Some of these political flags have become national flags; such as the red flag of the Soviet Union and national socialist banners for Nazi Germany.
Flagpoles
A '''flagpole''', '''flagstaff''', or '''staff''' can be a simple support made of wood or metal. If it is taller than can be easily reached to raise the flag, a cord is used, looping around a pulley at the top of the pole with the ends tied at the bottom. The flag is fixed to one lower end of the cord, and is then raised by pulling on the other end. The cord is then tightened and tied to the pole at the bottom. The pole is usually topped by a flat plate called a "truck" (originally meant to keep a wooden pole from splitting) or by a ball or a finial in a more complex shape.
Very high flagpoles may require more complex support structures than a simple pole, such as guy wires, or need be built as a mast. The highest flagpole in the world, at 160 metres (525 ft), is that at Korean Demilitarized Zone|Gijeong-dong in North Korea, the flag weighing about 270 kilograms (600 pounds) when dry.Design
Flagpoles can be designed in one piece with a taper (typically a cone taper or a entasis|Greek entasis taper), Flags and Communication
Flag semaphore|Semaphore is a form of communication that utilizes flags. The signalling is performed by an individual using two flags (or lighted wands), the positions of the flags indicating a symbol. The person who holds the flags is known as the signalman. This form of communication is primarily used by navy|naval signallers. This technique of signalling was adopted in the early 1800s and is still used in various forms today.
References
- William G. Crampton; ''The World of Flags''; Rand McNally; ISBN 0-528-83720-6 (hardcover, 1994).
- ''Ultimate Pocket Flags of the World''; Dorling Kindersley; ISBN 0-7894-2085-6; (1st American edition, hardcover, 1996).
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_flag_signalling
- http://www.anbg.gov.au/flags/semaphore.html
- http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Morse-Sa.html
See alsoLists and galleries of flags
- Gallery of flags by design
- Gallery of flags by similarity
- List of flags
- Gallery of sovereign state flags
- List of flag names
- Unofficial flags
- List of flags by countryNotable flag-related topics
- False flag
- Flag Patch
- Flag Day
- Flag desecration
- Flag etiquette
- Flag terminology
- Flag throwing
- Pledge of Allegiance
- Standard-bearer (also enumerates various types of standards, both flag types and immobile ensigns)
- VexillologyMiscellaneous
- Jolly Roger
- Petrosomatoglyph Symbols and prehistory
External links
- fotw.net, Flags of the World, an outstanding source of vexillological information, contributed to by a group of international volunteers.
- List of all Country Flags
- Flags of all countries
- World Flag Database
- Flag news and views
- Flags Forum, discussion forum
- Flag Identifier, tool for identifying a given flag
Category:Flags|
Category:National symbols
Category:Vexillology
be-x-old:Сьцяг
nds-nl:Vlagge
simple:Flag
fiu-vro:Lipuq
cbk-zam:Bandera
Related Images- The Dutch flag is the oldest tricolor
- Flags flown on a beach.
- Open swimming area
- Closed swimming area
Sources: StartLearningNow, Wikipedia | Usage license: GNU FDL
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