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Fipronil

Fipronil is a broad spectrum insecticide that disrupts the insect central nervous system by blocking the passage of chloride ions through the GABA receptor and glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCl), components of the central nervous system. This causes hyperexcitation of contaminated insects' nerves and muscles. Insect specificity of fipronil may come from a better efficacy on GABA receptor but also on the fact that GluCl does not exist in mammals.Raymond-Delpech V, Matsuda K, Sattelle BM, Rauh JJ, Sattelle DB (2005) Ion channels: molecular targets of neuroactive insecticides. ''Invert Neurosci'': 1-15. Fipronil is a slow acting poison. When mixed with a bait it allows the poisoned insect time to return to the colony or haborage. In cockroaches the feces and carcass can contain sufficient residual pesticide to kill others in the same nesting site. In ants, the sharing of the bait among colony members assists in the spreading of the poison throughout the colony. With the cascading effect, the projected kill rate is about 95% in 3 days for ants and cockroaches. Toxic baiting with Fipronil has also been shown to be extremely effective in locally eliminating German wasps (yellowjackets). All colonies within foraging range are completely eliminated within one week. Wildlife impacts include the following:
- Fipronil is highly toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Its tendency to bind to sediments and its low water solubility may reduce the potential hazard to aquatic wildlife (2,4).
- Fipronil is toxic to bees and should not be applied to vegetation when bees are foraging (2).
- Fipronil has been found to be highly toxic to upland game birds, but is practically non-toxic to waterfowl and other bird species (2,4). One of the metabolites of fipronil has a higher toxicity to birds than the parent compound itself (4). Fipronil is used as the active ingredient in Frontline (medicine)|Frontline Top Spot at about 9.8% concentration, and is used together with (S)-methoprene (8.8%) in Frontline Plus, a topical flea and tick control commonly used on dogs and cats. It kills adult fleas before they lay eggs. It is also the active ingredient in Over N Out season long fire ant control product. After a local application of Frontline, fipronil is slightly absorbed (approx. 15%) through the skin. Low levels of fipronil may be detected in the plasma, with a very high variability between dogs. It is also the active ingredient of Regent (insecticide)|Regent, now marketed by BASF, which also sells Fipronil under the brand name Termidor for use as a conventional barrier treatment for termites and also as a dust to be blown into termite tunnels. In the US, ant Fipronil based gels are sold under the MaxForce brand (mfg. Bayer), and under the Combat brand (mfg. Dial Corp). Both brands carry .001% Fipronil by weight as the active ingredient. Agricultural products include Chipco Choice for use against pests of field corn, golf courses and commercial turf. It acts by binding to an allosteric regulation|allosteric site of GABAA receptors and GluCl receptor (of the insect), a form of non-competitive inhibition.
- Acute oral LD50 (rat) 97 mg/kg
- Acute dermal LD50 (rat) >2000 mg/kg In animals and humans, fipronil poisoning is characterized by vomiting, agitation, and seizures, and can usually be managed through supportive care and early treatment of seizures. Mohamed F, Senarathna L, Percy A, Abeyewardene M, Eaglesham G, Cheng R, Azher S, Hittarage A, Dissanayake W, Sheriff MH, Davies W, Buckley NA, Eddleston M., Acute human self-poisoning with the N-phenylpyrazole insecticide fipronil--a GABAA-gated chloride channel blocker, J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2004;42(7):955-63) This risk may be associated with the withdrawal of the MaxForce tick management product. Fipronil is a possible carcinogen and a potential ground water contaminate. It is a suspected endocrine disruptor. In animals and humans, fipronil poisoning is "moderate" in terms of acute (immediate) toxicity. Source: http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC35768#Toxicity In May 2003, the DGAL (Direction Générale de l'Alimentation du ministère de l'Agriculture ) indicated a case of bee mortality observed in Southern France related to Fipronil acute toxicity. Intoxication was linked to defective seed treatment, which generated dust. The seed treatment involved has since been forbidden. Fipronil was first developed by Rhone-Poulenc and patented under de US Patent No. US 6,534,529 B2. Since 2003, BASF holds the patent rights for producing and selling Fipronil based products in many countries.

References

External links

- Fipronil Fact Sheet - National Pesticide Information Center
- Fipronil Toxicity & Regulatory Info - PANNA PesticideInfo database Category:Pyrazoles Category:Insecticides

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