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Federalist

The term "''''''federalist''''''" describes several political beliefs around the world. It also has reference to the concept of federalism or the type of government called a federation.

Latin America

In Latin America the term "Federalist" is used in reference to Argentina and Colombia. Federalists were in opposition to the Unitarianists (Argentine political party)|Unitarianists in Argentina and Centralists in Colombia in the early 1800s. Many Federalists were ''provincianos'', Argentines who were from outside of Buenos Aires Province; in other words, citizens of the interior of Argentina. The gaucho armies of the interior fought for decades to maintain federalism. Federalists fought for complete self-government, as opposed to the centralized government that the Unitarianists and Centralists favored. The self-government that the Federalists fought for was basically a call for "virtual autonomy" in each province. Furthermore, Federalists demanded tariff protection for their recently acquired industries and called for the end of Buenos Aires as the intermediary center of trade. General José de San Martín feared the Federalists. Martín endorsed a plan for a constitutional monarchy along with leading creole class|creoles. He believed that federalism meant a loss of order: "It would mean the certain destruction of Argentine unity, the dismemberment of the country into regional governments, and the emergence of a society dominated by the hydra-headed Gaucho tyrants of the interior plains." In 1819, the Gaucho armies, who wanted a federation and regional autonomy, threatened attack on Buenos Aires after Juan Martín de Pueyrredón, the director of the government in Buenos Aires, resigned. At the Battle of Cepeda in 1820, the Federalists forces defeated the Unitarianists, led by General José Rondeau, the Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. After the defeat, months of anarchy followed. Later, the Unitarianists were forced to sign a treaty with other provinces that failed to solve the conflict between the Unitarianists and the Federalists. Juan Manuel Rosas, boss of a troop of Gaucho Federalists, defeated General Juan Lavalle. Lavalle was forced into exile and Rosas was elected to office by the legislature in 1829. In 1829 the ''Liga Unitaria'' was created by General José María Paz in order to defeat the Federalists. The Gaucho Federalists faced Paz and his troops on May 31, 1831 and the Unitarianists were defeated after the Gauchos capture the Unitarianist commander. In 1859, Buenos Aires was forced to accept the federal constitution of 1853 after six years of secession. This was because on October 23, the commander of the Buenos Aires army, Bartolomé Mitre, was defeated at Cepeda by the Argentine Confederation, led by Justo José de Urquiza. However, the federal constitution was “amended to allow Buenos Aires greater influence.” The Battle of Pavón in 1861 ended the period of “armed strife.”

Quebec

Quebec federalist ideology|Federalist, in regard to the National Question, defends the concept of Quebec remaining within Canada, while either keeping the ''status quoé or pursuing greater autonomy and distinct society|constitutional recognition of a Quebec nation, with corresponding rights and powers for Quebec within the Canadian federation. This ideology is opposed to Quebec sovereignty movement|Quebec sovereigntism, proponents of Quebec independence, most often (but not for all followers) along with an economic union with Canada similar to the European Union.

The United States

In the United States the term ''Federalism in the United States|federalist'' usually applies to a member of one of the following groups:

Historic

- Statesmen and public figures supporting ratification of the proposed Constitution of the United States between 1787 and 1789. The Federalist Papers are documents associated with their movement.
- Statesmen and public figures supporting the administrations of Presidents George Washington (1789–1797) and John Adams (1797–1801). Especially in the later years they were also called the Federalist Party (United States)|Federalist Party, founded by Alexander Hamilton. It opposed the Democratic-Republican Party during the 1800s.

Contemporary

In reference to the historical political party and as defined by Merriam-Webster, someone favoring a strong centralized national government. In contemporary usage, as articulated by George W. Bush|President Bush's New Federalism, federalists advocate the principle of greater regional autonomy within the United States—usually by allowing individual states to set their own agendas and determine the handling of issues, rather than trying to impose a nationally uniform solution. Federalist Society|The Federalist Society for Law & Public Policy Studies is an organization of conservative and libertarian lawyers and others dedicated to debate of these principles. The World Federalist Movement. "World federalists support the creation of democratic global structures accountable to the citizens of the world and call for the division of international authority among separate agencies."

External links

- World Federalist Movement
- A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825
- The New Federalist Party 2008
- The Anti-Federalist Movement - A Discussion
- " unitario ." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 3 Nov. 2008 .
- Crow, John A. (1992). ''The Epic of Latin America''. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07723-2.
- " Cepeda, battles of ." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 Nov. 2008 . Category:Federalism|

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