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Etiquette

Etiquette is a code that influences the expectations and behaviour of social behavior, according to contemporary Convention (norm)|conventional Norm (sociology)|norms within a society, social class, or Group (sociology)|group. Rules of etiquette are usually unwritten, but aspects of etiquette have been codified from time to time. A rule of etiquette may reflect an underlying ethical code, or it may reflect a fashion or status. Like "culture", it is a word that has gradually grown plural, especially in a multi-ethnic society with many clashing expectations. Thus, it is now possible to refer to "an etiquette" or "a culture", realizing that these may not be universal. In Britain, though, the word etiquette has its roots in the eighteenth century, becoming a universal force in the nineteenth century to the extent that it has been described as the one word that aptly describes life during Victorian era|the reign of Queen Victoria http://www.aboutbritain.com/articles/victorian-society.asp.

Manners

Manners involve a wide range of social interactions within cultural norms as in the "comedy of manners", or a painter's characteristic "manner". Etiquette and manners, like mythology, have buried histories especially when they seem to have little obvious purpose, and their justifications as logical ("respect shown to others" etc.) may be equally revealing to the social history|social historian. In America, the notion of ''etiquette'', being of French origin and arising from practices at the court of Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV, is occasionally disparaged, especially by those unfamiliar with etiquette's social foundations and functions, as old-fashioned or elite, a Likecode concerned only with apparently remote directives such as "which fork to use". Some such individuals consider etiquette to be an unnecessary restriction of Freedom (philosophy)|freedom of personal expression; others consider such a philosophy to be espoused only by the unschooled, the unmannerly and the rude. For instance, wearing pajamas to a wedding in a cathedral may indeed be an expression of the guest's freedom, but may also cause the bride and groom to suspect that the guest in pajamas is expressing amusement, disparagement, or disrespect towards them and their wedding. Etiquette may be enforced in pragmatic ways: "No shoes, no shirt, no service" is a notice commonly displayed outside stores and cafés in the warmer parts of North America. Others feel that a single, basic code shared by all makes life simpler and more pleasant by removing many chances for misunderstandings and by creating opportunities for courtesy and mutual respect.

Cultural differences

Etiquette is dependent on culture; what is excellent etiquette in one society may shock another. Etiquette evolves within culture. The Dutch painter Andries Both shows that the hunt for head lice (''illustration, right''), which had been a civilized grooming occupation in the early Middle Ages, a bonding experience that reinforced the comparative rank of two people, one groomed, one groomer, had become a peasant occupation by 1630. The painter portrays the familiar operation matter-of-factly, without the disdain this subject would have received in a nineteenth-century representation. Etiquette can vary widely between different cultures and nations. In China, a person who takes the last item of food from a common plate or bowl without first offering it to others at the table may be seen as a glutton and insulting the generosity of the host. In America a guest is expected to eat all of the food given to them, as a compliment to the quality of the cooking. Etiquette is a topic that has occupied writers and thinkers in all sophisticated societies for millennia, beginning with a behavior code by Ptahhotep, a vizier in ancient Egypt's Old Kingdom during the reign of the Fifth Dynasty king Djedkare Isesi (ca. 2414–2375 B.C.). All known literate civilizations, including ancient Greece and Rome, developed rules for proper social conduct. Confucius included rules for eating and speaking along with his more philosophical sayings. Early modern conceptions of what behavior identifies a "gentleman" were codified in the sixteenth century, in a book by Baldassare Castiglione, ''Il Cortegiano'' ("The Courtier"); its codification of expectations at the Este court remained in force in its essentials until World War I. Louis XIV established an elaborate and rigid court ceremony, but distinguished himself from the high bourgeoisie by continuing to eat, stylishly and fastidiously, with his fingers. An important book about etiquette is ''Galateo, overo de' costumi'' by Monsignor Giovanni della Casa; in fact, in Italian language|Italian, etiquette is generally called ''galateo'' (or ''etichetta'' or ''protocollo''). In the UK, Debrett's is considered by many to be the arbiter of etiquette; their guides to manners and form have long been the last word among polite society. Traditional publications such as ''Correct Form'' have recently been updated to reflect contemporary society, and new titles ''Etiquette for Girls'' and ''Manners for Men'' act as guides for those who want to combine a modern lifestyle with traditional values. In the American colonies Benjamin Franklin and George Washington wrote codes of conduct for young gentlemen. The immense popularity of advice columns and books by Letitia Baldrige and Judith Martin|Miss Manners shows the currency of this topic. Even more recently, the rise of the Internet has necessitated the adaptation of existing rules of conduct to create Netiquette, which governs the drafting of email, rules for participating in an online forum, and so on. In Germany, there is an "unofficial" code of conduct, called the ''Knigge'', based on a book of high rules of conduct written by Adolph Freiherr Knigge in the late 18th century entitled exactly ''Über den Umgang mit Menschen (On Human Relations)''. The code of conduct is still highly respected in Germany today and is used primarily in the higher society. Etiquette may be wielded as a social weapon. The outward adoption of the superficial mannerisms of an in-group, in the interests of social advancement rather than a concern for others, is a form of snobbery, lacking in virtue.

Western business etiquette

The etiquette of business is the set of written and unwritten rules of conduct that make social interactions run more smoothly. Office etiquette in particular applies to coworker interaction, excluding interactions with external contacts such as customers and suppliers. Both office and business etiquette overlap considerably with basic tenets of netiquette. These rules are often echoed throughout an industry or economy. For instance, 49% of employers surveyed in 2005 by the American National Association of Colleges and Employers found that non-traditional attire would be a "strong influence" on their opinion of a potential job candidate.Grab bag - OOQ Online, Fall 2006

References

External links

- Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home, by Emily Post (1922)
- Stories about Cross-cultural Etiquette compiled by the Glimpse Foundation
- Defining Modern Etiquette Category:Habits Category:Etiquette| Category:Sociology

Related Images

- ''Hunting Lice by Candlelight'', Andries Both (Dutch, ca.1612/13–1641)

Sources: StartLearningNow, Wikipedia | Usage license: GNU FDL

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