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Electrum
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Electrum is a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver, with trace amounts of copper and other metals. Colour ranges from pale to bright yellow, depending on the proportions of gold and silver. Gold content of naturally occurring electrum in modern Western Anatolia ranges from 70% to 90% in contrast to the 45-55% of electrum used in ancient Lydian coinage of the same geographical area.
Electrum was used as early as the 3rd millennium BC|third millennium BC in Old Kingdom Egypt, sometimes as an exterior coating to the pyramidions atop ancient Egyptian pyramids and obelisks.
Electrum was also used in the making of ancient Beaker (archaeology)|drinking vessels and coins.
Composition
Electrum consists primarily of gold and silver but is sometimes found with traces of copper and other metals. As a result, electrum is a good Conductor (material)|conductor of electricity.
Analysis of the electrum composition in ancient Greek coinage dating from 600 BC showed that the gold composition was 55.5% in archaic Phocaea. In the early classical period, the gold composition of electrum ranged from 46% in Phokaia to 43% in Mytilene. In later coinage from these areas, dating to 326 BC, the gold composition averaged 40% to 41%.
Appearance
The color of electrum is pale yellow or yellowish-white and the name is a Latinized form of the Greek language|Greek word ηλεκτρον (''elektron'') mentioned in the ''Odyssey'' meaning a metallic substance consisting of gold alloyed with silver. The same word was also used for the substance amber, probably because of the pale yellow color of certain varieties, and it is from the Electrostatics|electrostatic properties of amber that the modern English words "electron" and "electricity" derive.
Electrum was often referred to as white gold in ancient times but could be more accurately described as "pale gold". The modern use of the term white gold usually concerns gold, silver and palladium alloys.
History
Electrum is mentioned in an expedition sent by Pharaoh Sahure of the Fifth dynasty of Egypt (see Sahure#History|Sahure). It is also discussed by Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia.
Electrum is possibly referred to three times in the Bible (i.e. if the Septuagint's translation of the uncertain term חַשְׁמַל is accurate). In all three instances it is used to describe a type of glow seen by the prophet Ezekiel in visions (Ezekiel Ch.1 Vs.4 and 27;Ch. 8 Vs. 2), not only that but on anicent Summerian Tablets, also, in the lost book Enki, having said that when Enki told his master scribe, Edubsar to write all that he says, it mentioned a stylus, which was made with electrum and a crystal at the tip, and it glowed.
Electrum is believed to have been used in coins circa 600s BC|600 BC in Lydia under the reign of Alyattes II.
Electrum was much better for coinage than gold, mostly because it was harder and more durable, but also because techniques for refining gold were not widespread at the time. The discrepancy between gold content of electrum from modern Western Anatolia (70-90%) and ancient Lydian coinage (45-55%) suggests that the Lydians had already solved the refining technology for silver and were adding refined silver to the local native electrum some decades before introducing the pure silver coins cited below.
In Lydia, electrum was minted into 4.76-gram coins, each valued at 1/3 ''stater'' (meaning "standard"). Three of these coins (with a weight of about 14.1 grams) totaled one stater, about one month's pay for a soldier. To complement the stater, fractions were made: the ''trite'' (third), the ''hekte'' (sixth), and so forth, including 1/24 of a stater, and even down to 1/48th and 1/96th of a stater. The 1/96 stater was only about 0.14 to 0.15 grams. Larger denominations, such as a one stater coin, were minted as well.
Because of the variety of electrum's composition, it was rather difficult to determine the exact worth of each coin. Widespread trading was somewhat hampered by this, as a foreign merchant would offer rather poor rates on local electrum coin.
These difficulties were eliminated in 570 BC when pure silver coins were introduced. However, electrum currency remained fairly popular until approximately 350 BC. The simplest reasoning for this would be that, because of the gold content, one 14.1 gram stater would be worth as much as ten 14.1 gram silver pieces.
In 2002, Gibraltar issued commemorative coins made of an alloy containing equal amounts of fine gold and fine silver, thus being electrum, or 12 carat gold.
References
External links
- Lydian lion electrum coins
- Electrum lion coins of the ancient Lydians (about 600BC)
- An image of the obverse of a Lydian coin made of electrum
Category:Gold
Category:Numismatics
Category:Precious metal alloys
Category:Silver
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