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Dux
'''''Dux''''' (plural: ''duces'') is Latin for ''leader'' (from the verb ''ducere'', 'to lead') and for duke, and in Ancient Rome could refer to anyone who commanded troops, such as tribal leaders.
Roman empire
In the Roman military, a Dux would be a general in charge of two or more legions. While the title of dux could refer to a Consul or Imperator, it usually refers to the Roman Governor of the Roman province|provinces. As the governor, the dux was both the highest civil official as well as the commander-in-chief of the Roman legion|legions garrisoned within the province.
However, during the time of the Dominate, the powers as a dux were split from the role of the governor and were given to a new office called "Dux". The dux was still the highest military office within the province and commanded the legions, but the governor had to authorise the use of the dux's powers. But once authorised, the dux could act independently from the governor and handled all military matters. An example would be the Gallia Belgica|Dux per Gallia Belgica which was the Dux of the province of Gallia Belgica.
Since Diocletian's Tetrarchy reform, the provinces were organized into dioceses each administered by a Vicarius. As with the Governors, the Vicarius was assisted by a Dux. This Dux was superior to all of other Duces within the dioceses and when the Vicarius called the legions of the dioceses into action, all of the legions were at the Dux's command. An example would be the Dux per Gallia which was the Dux of the Dioceses of Gaul. The office of Dux was, in turn, made subject to the Magister Militum of his respective Praetorian prefecture, and above him to the Roman Emperor|Emperor.
In the Byzantine Empire, the position of ''Megas Doux'' survived until the final Fall of Constantinople in 1453.
Post-Roman uses
King Arthur, in one of his earliest literary appearances, is described as ''dux bellorum'' ("''dux'' of battles") among the kings of the Romano-British|Romano-Britons in their wars against the Anglo-Saxons.
Dux is also the root of various high feudal noble titles of peerage rank, such as (via the French ''duc'') the English ''duke'', the Venetian language|Venetian ''doge'' and Italian ''duca'' and ''duce'' and the modern Greek ducas (δούκας).
In schools in Scotland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Iceland, Dux is a modern title given to the top student in academic and sporting achievement (''Dux Litterarum'' and ''Dux Ludorum'' respectively) in each graduating year. In this usage, Dux is similar to the American concept of a valedictorian. The runner up may be given the title ''Proxime Accessit'' (meaning "he came next") or ''Semidux''.
In Portugal|Portuguese universities the ''dux'' is the most senior of students, usually in charge of overseeing the Praxe (initiation rituals for the freshman|freshmen).
Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini used the title of ''Dux'' (and ''Duce'' in Italian) to represent his leadership.
In music theory, specifically in counterpoint, the subject of a fugue is sometimes referred to as the ''dux'' (and the countersubject by the Latin word for companion, ''comes'').
Sources and references
- Pauly-Wissowa
Category:Ancient Roman titles
Category:Latin words and phrases
Category:Military ranks of ancient Rome
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