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Dance

Dance (from French language|French ''danser'', perhaps from Old Frankish language|Frankish) is an art form that generally refers to Motion (physics)|movement of the body, usually rhythmic and to music, britannica used as a form of Emotional expression|expression, social social interaction|interaction or presented in a spirituality|spiritual or performance setting.Dance is also used to describe methods of non-verbal communication (see body language) between humans or animals (Bee learning and communication#Dance language|bee dance, Fixed action pattern|patterns of behaviour such as a mating dance), Motion (physics)|motion in inanimate objects (''the leaves danced in the wind''), and certain dance (musical form)|musical forms or music|genres. In sports, gymnastics, figure skating and synchronized swimming are ''dance'' disciplines while martial arts ''Kata (martial arts)|kata'' are often compared to dances. Definitions of what constitutes dance are dependent on Society|social, Culture|cultural, aesthetic, artistic and moral constraints and range from functional movement (such as folk dance) to virtuoso techniques such as ballet. Dance can be Participation dance|participatory, social dance|social or Concert dance|performed for an audience. It can also be Ceremonial dance|ceremonial, :Category:Competitive dance|competitive or Erotic dance|erotic. Dance movements may be without significance in themselves, such as in ballet or European folk dance, or have a gesture|gestural vocabulary/symbolic system as in many Asian dances. Dance can embody or express ideas, emotions or tell a narrative|story. Dancing has evolved many styles. Breakdancing and Krumping are related to the hip hop culture. African dance is interpretive. Ballet, Ballroom, Waltz, and Tango are classical styles of dance while Square Dance|Square and the Electric Slide are forms of step dances. Every '''dance''', no matter what style, has something in common. It not only involves flexibility and body movement, but also physics. If the proper physics is not taken into consideration, injuries ''can'' and are ''likely'' to occur. Choreography is the art of creating dances. The person who creates (i.e., choreographs) a dance is known as the choreographer.

Origins and history of dance

Dance doesn't leave behind clearly identifiable physical artifacts such as stone tools, hunting implements or cave paintings. It is not possible to say when dance became part of human culture. Dance has certainly been an important part of ceremony, rituals, celebration (party)|celebrations and entertainment since before the birth of the earliest human civilizations. Archeology delivers traces of dance from prehistory|prehistoric times such as the 9,000 year old Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka paintings in India and ancient Egypt|Egyptian tomb paintings depicting dancing figures from circa 3300 BC. One of the earliest structured uses of dances may have been in the performance and in the telling of myths. It was also sometimes used to show feelings for one of the opposite gender. It is also linked to the origin of "love making." Before the production of written languages, dance was one of the methods of passing these stories down from generation to generation. Nathalie Comte. "Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World". Ed. Jonathan Dewald. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004. p94-108. Another early use of dance may have been as a precursor to Ecstasy(emotion)|ecstatic altered state of consciousness|trance states in healing rituals. Dance is still used for this purpose by many cultures from the Brazilian rainforest to the Kalahari Desert.Guenther, Mathias Georg. 'The San Trance Dance: Ritual and Revitalization Among the Farm Bushmen of the Ghanzi District, Republic of Botswana.' Journal, South West Africa Scientific Society, v30, 1975-76. Sri Lankan dances goes back to the mythological times of Indigenous peoples|aboriginal yingyang twins and "yakkas" (devils). According to a Sinhalese legend, Kandyan dances originate, 2500 years ago, from a magic ritual that broke the spell on a bewitched king. Many contemporary dance forms can be traced back to Historical dance|historical, Traditional dance|traditional, Ceremonial dance|ceremonial, and List of dances sorted by ethnicity|ethnic dance.

Dance classification and genres

Dance categories by number of interacting dancers are mainly Solo dance, Partner dance and Group dance. Dance is performed for various purposes like Ceremonial dance, Erotic dance, Performance dance, Social dance etc.

Dancing and music

Many early forms of music and dance were created and performed together. This paired development has continued through the ages with dance/music forms such as: Jig, Waltz, Tango music|Tango, Disco, Salsa (dance)|Salsa, Electronica and Hip hop music|Hip-Hop. Some musical genres also have a parallel dance form such as Baroque music and Baroque dance whereas others developed separately: Classical music era|Classical music and Classical ballet. Although dance is often accompanied by music, it can also be presented independently or provide its own accompaniment (tap dance). Dance presented with music may or may not be performed ''in time'' to the music depending on the style of dance. Dance performed without music is said to be ''danced to its own rhythm''. Ballroom dancing is a sport as well as an art form. It incorporates many fitness components using an artistic state of mind.

Dance studies and techniques

In the early 1920s, dance studies (dance practice (learning method)|practice, critical theory, Musical analysis and history) began to be considered an academic discipline. Today these studies are an integral part of many universities' The Arts|arts and humanities programs. By the late 20th century the recognition of practical knowledge as equal to academic knowledge lead to the emergence of ''practice research'' and ''practice as research''. A large range of dance courses are available including:
- Professional practice: performance and technical skills
- Practice research: choreography and performance
- Ethnochoreology, encompassing the dance-related aspects of Anthropology, Cultural Studies, Gender Studies, Area studies, Postcolonial theory, Ethnography, etc.
- Dance therapy or Dance-Movement Therapy.
- Dance and technology: new media and performance technologies.
- Laban Movement Analysis and Somatic studies Academic degrees are available from Bachelor of Arts|BA (Hons) to Doctor of Philosophy|PhD and other postdoctoral fellowships, with some dance scholars taking up their studies as ''mature students'' after a professional dance career. /'/'jhfd

Dance competitions

A '''dance competition''' is an organized event in which contestants perform dances before a judge or judges for awards and, in some cases, monetary prizes. There are several major types of dance competitions, distinguished primarily by the style or styles of dances performed. Major types of dance competitions include:
- '''Competitive dance''', in which a variety of theater dance styles—such as acro dance|acro, ballet, jazz dance|jazz, hip-hop, lyrical dance|lyrical, and tap dance|tap—are permitted.
- '''Open''' competitions, which permit a wide variety of dance styles. A popular example of this is the TV program So You Think You Can Dance (US)|So You Think You Can Dance.
- '''Dancesport''', which is focused exclusively on ballroom dance|ballroom and latin dance. A popular example of this is the TV program Dancing with the Stars, a copy of the original British programme, Strictly Come Dancing.
- '''Single-style''' competitions, such as Scottish highland dance|highland dance, dance squad|dance team, and Irish dance, which only permit a single dance style.

Dance occupations

There are different careers connected with dancing: Dancer, dance teacher, dance sport coach, dance therapy|dance therapist and choreographer. Dancer Dance training differs depending on the dance form. There are university programs and schools associated with professional dance companies for specialised training in classical dance (e.g. Ballet) and modern dance. There are also smaller, privately owned dance studios where students may train in a variety of dance forms including competitive dance forms (e.g. Latin dance, ballroom dance, etc.) as well as ethnic/traditional dance forms. Professional dancers are usually employed on contract or for particular performances/productions. The professional life of a dancer is generally one of constantly changing work situations, strong competition pressure and low pay. Professional dancers often need to supplement their income, either in dance related roles (e.g., dance teaching, dance sport coaches, yoga) or Pilates instruction to achieve financial stability. In the U.S. many professional dancers are members of unions such as the American Guild of Musical Artists, the Screen Actors Guild and Actors' Equity Association. The unions help determine working conditions and minimum salaries for their members. Dance teachers Dance teacher and operators of dance schools rely on reputation and marketing. For dance forms without an association structure such as Salsa or Tango Argentino they may not have formal training. Most dance teachers are self employed. Dancesport coaches Dancesport coaches are tournament dancers or former dancesports people, and may be recognised by a dance sport federation. Choreographer Choreographers are generally university trained and are typically employed for particular projects or, more rarely may work on contract as the resident choreographer for a specific dance company. A choreographic work is protected intellectual property. Dancers may undertake their own choreography.

Dance by ethnicity or region

Dance in South Asia

India

During the first millennium common era|BCE in India, many texts were composed which attempted to codify aspects of daily life. In the matter of dance, Bharata Muni's ''Natyashastra'' (literally ''"the text of dramaturgy"'') is the one of the earlier texts. Though the main theme of ''Natyashastra'' deals with drama, dance is also widely featured, and indeed the two concepts have ever since been linked in Indian culture. The text elaborates various hand-gestures or mudras and classifies movements of the various limbs of the body, gait, and so on. The Natyashastra categorised dance into four groups and into four regional varieties, naming the groups: secular, ritual, abstract, and, interpretive. However, concepts of regional geography has altered and so have regional varieties of Indian dances. Dances like ''"Odra Magadhi"'', which after decades long debate, has been traced to present day Mithila-Orissa region's dance form of Odissi, indicate influence of dances in cultural interactions between different regions.Dance: The Living Spirit of Indian Arts, by Prof. P. C. Jain and Dr. Daljeet. From these beginnings rose the various classical styles which are recognised today. Therefore, all Classical Indian dance|Indian classical dances are to varying degrees rooted in the Natyashastra and therefore share common features: for example, the mudras, some body positions, and the inclusion of dramatic or expressive acting or abhinaya. The Indian classical music tradition provides the accompaniment for the dance, and as percussion is such an integral part of the tradition, the dancers of nearly all the styles wear bells around their ankles to counterpoint and complement the percussion.

Bhangra in the Punjab

The Punjab region|Punjab area overlapping India and Pakistan is the place of origin of Bhangra. It is widely known both as a style of music and a dance. It is mostly related to ancient harvest celebrations, love, patriotism or social issues. Its music is coordinated by a musical instrument called the 'Dhol'. Bhangra is not just music but a dance, a celebration of the harvest where people beat the dhol (drum), sing Boliyaan (lyrics) and dance.

Dances of Sri Lanka

The Dances of Sri Lanka#Devil Dances|devil dances of Sri Lanka or "yakun natima" are a carefully crafted ritual with a history reaching far back into Sri Lanka's pre-Buddhist past. It combines ancient "Ayurvedic" concepts of disease causation with psychological manipulation. The dance combines many aspects including Sinhalese cosmology, the dances also has an impact on the classical dances of Sri Lanka."The yakun natima - devil dance ritual of Sri Lanka" at WWW Virtual Library - Sri Lanka

In Europe and North America

Concert (or performance) dance

Ballet

= Ballet developed first in Italy and then in France from lavish court spectacles that combined music, drama, poetry, song, costumes and dance. Members of the court nobility took part as performers. During the reign of Louis XIV, himself a dancer, dance became more codified. Professional dancers began to take the place of court amateurs, and ballet masters were licensed by the French government. The first ballet dance academy was the Académie Royale de Danse (Royal Dance Academy), opened in Paris in 1661. Shortly thereafter, the first institutionalized ballet troupe, associated with the Academy, was formed; this troupe began as an all-male ensemble but by 1681 opened to include women as well. =

20th century concert dance

= At the beginning of the 20th century, there was an explosion of innovation in dance style characterized by an exploration of freer technique. Early pioneers of what became known as modern dance include Loie Fuller, Isadora Duncan, Mary Wigman and Ruth St. Denis. The relationship of music to dance serves as the basis for Eurhythmics, devised by Emile Jaques-Dalcroze, which was influential to the development of Modern dance and modern ballet through artists such as Marie Rambert. Eurythmy, developed by Rudolf Steiner and Marie Steiner-von Sivers, combines formal elements reminiscent of traditional dance with the new freer style, and introduced a complex new vocabulary to dance. In the 1920s, important founders of the new style such as Martha Graham and Doris Humphrey began their work. Since this time, a wide variety of dance styles have been developed; see Modern dance.

The influence of African American dance

African American dances are those dances which have developed within African American communities in everyday spaces, rather than in dance studios, schools or companies and its derivatives, tap dance, disco, jazz dance, swing dance, hip hop dance and breakdance. Other dances, such as the lindy hop with its relationship to rock and roll|rock and roll music and rock and roll (dance)|rock and roll dance have also had a global influence.

Lists

- List of basic dance topics
- List of dance style categories
- List of dance topics
- List of dance wikibooks
- List of choreographers

References

External links

- Historic illustrations of dancing from 3300 B.C. to 1911 A.D. from Project Gutenberg
- United States National Museum of Dance and Hall of Fame Category:Dance| Category:Entertainment occupations Category:Theatrical professions zh-min-nan:Bú-tō be-x-old:Танец nds-nl:Daans simple:Dance fiu-vro:Tands

Related Images

- right
- Dancers in a city square

Sources: StartLearningNow, Wikipedia | Usage license: GNU FDL

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