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Confederation

A '''confederation''' is a group of empowered states or communities, usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution. Confederations tend to be established for dealing with critical issues, such as defense (military)|defense, foreign affairs, foreign trade, and a common currency, with the central government being required to provide support for all members. A confederation, in modern political terms, is usually limited to a permanent union of sovereign states for common action in relation to other states.Oxford English Dictionary By definition, the difference between a confederation and a federation is that the membership of the member states in a confederation is voluntary, while the membership in a federation is not. A confederation is most likely to feature these differences over a federation: (1) No real direct powers: many confederal decisions are externalised by member-state legislation. (2) Decisions on day-to-day-matters are not taken by simple majority but by special majorities or even by consensus or unanimity (veto for every member). (3) Changes of the constitution, usually a treaty, require unanimity. The nature of the relationship between the entities constituting a confederation varies considerably. Likewise, the relationship between the member states and the central government, and the distribution of powers among them, is highly variable. Some looser confederations are similar to international organizations, while tighter confederations may resemble federations. In a non-political context, confederation is used to describe a type of organization which consolidates authority from other semi-autonomous bodies. Examples include sports confederations or confederations of Pan-European trades unions. The noun '''confederation''' refers to the process of (or the event of) confederating; i.e., establishing a confederation (or by extension a federation). In Canada, Canadian Confederation|Confederation generally refers to the British North America Act, 1867 which initially united four colonies of British North America (Province of Upper Canada, Province of Lower Canada, Province of New Brunswick and Province of Nova Scotia), and to the subsequent incorporation of other colonies and territories. Despite this use of the word "confederation", Canada is a federal state.

List of entities considered to be confederations

Note that historical confederations, especially those predating the 20th century, may not fit the current definition of a confederation, may be proclaimed as a federation but be confederal, and may not show any qualities that are today recognized as those of a federation.

Today

- Iroquois Confederacy (1090–present)

Historic confederations

Some have more the characteristics of a personal union, but they are still listed here because of their own self-styling.
- Crown of Aragon (1137–1716)
- Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (confederated personal union; 1447–1492, 1501–1569, (different governments, armies, Treasury|treasuries, laws, territory (country subdivision)|territories with borders, citizenships; common monarch (Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland), parliament (Sejm#Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Sejm) and currency)
- Switzerland (1291–1848), officially the Swiss Confederation
- Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands (1581-1795)
- Confederate Ireland (1641-1649)
- New England Confederation (1643–1684)
- United States of America under the Articles of Confederation (1781–1789)
- Confederate States of America, (1861–1865)
- Aro Confederacy, (1690 -1902), in what is now Nigeria, Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea
- Union of African States (1961–1963, Mali+Ghana+Guinea)
- Sénégambia Confederation|Senegambia (1982–1989, Senegal+Gambia)
- Hanseatic League
- United Provinces of New Granada (1810–1816 in what is now Colombia)
- Powhatan Confederacy
- Carlist States in Spain (1872–1876)
- State Union of Serbia and Montenegro|Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)
- United Arab Republic (confederation de-facto; 1958–1961, Egypt+Syria; 1963, Egypt+Syria+Iraq)
- Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan|Arab Federation (confederation de-facto; 1958, (Iraq+Jordan)
- Federation of Arab Republics (confederation de-facto; 1972, Egypt+Syria+Libya)
- Arab Islamic Republic (confederation de-facto; 1974, Libya+Tunisia)
- Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)
- Kalmar Union (confederated personal union; 1397–1523, Denmark+Sweden+Norway)
- Denmark-Norway (confederated personal union; 1536–1814)
- Union between Sweden and Norway|Sweden-Norway (confederated personal union; 1814–1905)
- Confederation of Central America (1842–1844, El Salvador+Guatemala+Honduras+Nicaragua)
- Confederation of the Equator (1824) - located in Northeast Brazil.
- Pre-united Germany after the Holy Roman Empire
    - Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813) had no head of state nor a government
    - German Confederation (1815–1866)
    - North German Confederation (1866–1871) Became the German Empire in 1871

Fictional confederations

- Confederacy of Independent Systems (Star Wars)
- Terran Confederation (Wing Commander (computer game)|Wing Commander)
- Terran Confederacy (StarCraft)
- Capellan Confederation (Battletech)
- Confederation of Planet Omega (animated series Once Upon a Time... Space)

European Union

The European Union|EU, which operates through a hybrid system of intergovernmentalism and supranationalism, is not a de jure a confederation – but some academic observers (Josselin and Marciano) conclude that it has elements of both a confederation and a federation. How the European Court of Justice|court made a federation of the EU http://www.springerlink.com/content/f3vw032557232l64/.Josselin (U de Rennes-1/CREM) and Marciano (U de Reims CA/CNRS).

References

Sources and external links

- The Fathers of Confederation
- Confederation: The Creation of Canada — Illustrated Historical Essay
- WorldStatesmen- here South Africa Category:Constitutional state types Category:Forms of government Category:Federalism Category:political systems

Related Images

- The monarchs of the member states of the German Confederation meet at Frankfurt in 1863.

Sources: StartLearningNow, Wikipedia | Usage license: GNU FDL

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