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Learn more about "Clan"
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Clan
A '''clan''' is a group of people united by kinship and descent, which is defined by perceived descent from a common ancestor. Even if actual lineage patterns are unknown, clan members may nonetheless recognize a founding member or apical ancestor. The kinship-based bonds may be merely symbolical in nature, whereby the clan shares a "stipulated" common ancestor which is a symbol of the clan's unity. When this ancestor is not human, this is referred to as animallian totem. Clans can be most easily described as tribe|tribes or sub-groups of tribes. The word clan is derived from 'clann' meaning 'children' in the Scottish Gaelic language and the word entered into English as a label for the tribal nature of Scottish Gaelic society in about the year 1425.[Online Etymology Dictionary at http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=clan.] In the 20th century, the word entered into use internationally in scientific descriptions of territorial and group behavior in various species of mammals, including hyenas, badgers and rats.
Organization of clans in anthropology
Some clans are patrilineality|patrilineal, meaning its members are related through the male line; for example, the clans of Armenia. Others are matrilineality|matrilineal; its members are related through the female line. Still other clans are ''bilateral'', consisting of all the descendants of the apical ancestor through both the male and female lines; the Scottish clan|clans of Scotland are one example. Whether a clan is patrilineal, matrilineal, or bilateral depends on the kinship rules and norms of their society.
In different cultures and situations a clan may mean the same thing as other kin-based groups such as tribes and band society|bands. Often, the distinguishing factor is that a clan is a smaller part of a larger society such as a tribe, a chiefdom, or a state. Examples include Scottish clan|Scottish, Irish clans|Irish, Consort clan|Chinese, Japanese clans and Rajput clans in India and Pakistan, which exist as kin groups within their respective nations. Note, however, that tribes and bands can also be components of larger societies. Arabs|Arab tribes are small groups within Arab society, and Ojibwa bands are smaller parts of the Ojibwa tribe. In some cases multiple tribes recognized the same clans, such as the bear and fox clans of the Chickasaw and Choctaw tribes.
Apart from these different traditions of kinship, further conceptual confusion arises from colloquial usages of the term. In post-Soviet countries for example it is quite common to speak of clans referring to informal networks within the economic and political sphere. This usage reflects the assumption that their members act towards each other in a particularly close and mutually supportive way approximating the solidarity among kinsmen. However, the Norse clans, the ''ätter'', can not be translated with ''tribe'' or ''band'', and consequently they are often translated with ''house'' or ''line''.
Poland|Polish clans differ from most others in being a collection of families bearing the same coat of arms, as opposed to actually claiming a common descent. This is discussed under the topic of Polish Heraldry.
Clans in indigenous societies are likely to be exogamy|exogamous, meaning that their members cannot marry one another. In some societies, clans may have an official leader such as a tribal chief|chieftain or patriarch; on others, leadership positions may have to be achieved, or people may merely say 'elders' make decisions.
Clans by country
- Albanian Fis clans of the country's geography of Albania|northern highlands.
- Armenian Tohm clans of Armenian nobility.
- Australian Aboriginal kinship|Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
- Chechen Teip and Tukkhum tribal organization
- Chinese Chinese clan|clan, Chinese family name|family name and consort clans
- Chinese (Hong Kong) five Great Han Chinese ''Punti'' clans: Tang Clan|Tang, Hou (surname)|Hau, Peng (surname)|Pang, Wen Tianxiang|Man, Liao|Liu
- Egyptian Abaza Family
- German German clan|clan or Sippe
- Iranian Seven Parthian clans|clans
- Irish Irish clans|clanns and Sept (social)|septs (also: Chiefs of the Name)["Irish Families" Edward Mac Lysaght, Irish Academic Press, Dublin, 1985]
- Indian/Pakistani/Nepalese Rajput clans
- Indian Maratha clan system|Maratha
- Indian/Pakistani Jat clan system|Jat clans
- Pakistan '''Gakhar''' clan
- Pakistani Arain clan system|Mian clans
- Japanese clans
- Korean Korean clan|clans and Korean name|names
- Manchu List of Manchu clans|clans and Manchu family name|names
- Polish clans
- Norse clans
- Scottish clans
- Scottish clan chief
- Armigerous clan
- ''Scottish clan symbols'': Tartan, Clan badge, Crest badge
- ''see also'': Manrent, Tacksman
- Serb clans|Serbian clans
- Somali clans
- Turcoman clans
- Puerto Rican clans
References
Category:Kinship and descent|Clan
simple:Clan
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