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Western Europe

[[File:Western Europe map.svg|thumb|right|280px|Western Europe as defined by the National Geographic Society.]]
Western Europe is a loose term for the collection of countries in the westernmost region of Europe, though this definition is Low context culture|context-dependent and carries cultural and political connotations. One definition describes Western Europe as a cultural entity—the region lying west of Central Europe. Another definition was created during the Cold War and used to describe the non-Communist states of Europe; as a result, geographically central and eastern countries that steered clear of Soviet Empire|Soviet influence during the Cold War are usually included, while Western members of the former Eastern Bloc are excluded. In addition, the term has Geography|geographic, economic and Culture|cultural aspects. Since the end of World War II, the term has been used to describe the High income economy|high-income Developed country|developed countries of western Europe, characterized by Democracy|democratic political systems, Mixed economy|mixed economies combining the free market with aspects of the welfare state, American Empire|alliance with the United States, and membership in NATO.

Classical antiquity and medieval origins

As Ancient Rome|Roman domain expanded a cultural and linguistic division appeared between the mainly Koine Greek|Greek-speaking eastern provinces which had formed the highly urbanized Hellenistic civilization. In contrast, the western territories largely adopted the Latin language. This cultural and linguistic division was eventually reinforced by the later political east-west division of the Roman Empire The division between these two was enhanced during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages by a number of events. The Western Roman Empire collapsed starting the Early Middle Ages. By contrast, the Eastern Roman Empire, mostly known as Greek or Byzantine Empire, managed to survive and even to thrive for another 1000 years. The rise of the Carolingian Empire|Frankish Empire in the west, and in particular the East-West Schism|Great Schism that formally divided Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism, enhanced the cultural and religious distinctiveness between Eastern and Western Europe. The conquest of the Byzantine Empire, center of the Eastern Orthodox Church, by the Muslim Ottoman Empire in the 15th century, and the gradual fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire (which had replaced the Frankish Empire) led to a change of the importance of Roman Catholic/Protestant vs. Eastern Orthodox concept in Europe. Western Europe's significant historical events include the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation by Martin Luther and the Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Church, the Age of Enlightenment, the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution. During the final stages of World War II the future of Europe was decided between the Allies in the 1945 Yalta Conference, between the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, President of the United States|U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and the Premier of the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin. Post-war Europe would be divided into two major spheres: Western world|the West, influenced by the United States, and the Eastern Bloc, dominated by the Soviet Union. With the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. This term had been used during World War II by German Propagandaministerium|Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels and later Count Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk in the last days of the war; however, its use was hugely popularised by Winston Churchill, who used it in his famous "Sinews of Peace" address March 5, 1946 at Westminster College, Missouri|Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri: Although some countries were officially Neutral country|neutral, they were classified according to the nature of their political and economical systems. This division has largely defined the popular perception and understanding of Western Europe and its borders with Eastern Europe till this day.

Eastern Europe

[[File:Europe 1988.svg|thumb|333px|Trade blocs in 1988. European Economic Community|EEC member states are marked in blue, European_Free_Trade_Association|EFTA – green, and Comecon – red.]] Eastern Europe, in the view accepted after the second World War, was mainly composed of all the European countries occupied by the Soviet army. It included the German Democratic Republic, widely known as East Germany, formed by the Soviet occupation zone of Germany. All the countries in Eastern Europe had Communist regimes imposed upon them. Most of these countries were officially independent from the Soviet Union, but the practical extent of this independence was quite limited. In some matters many of them were little more than Satellite state|client-states of the Soviet Union. Currently, the borders of Eastern Europe are a topic of debate, especially because of the countries and people of Western culture,O. Halecki, The Limits and Divisions of European History, Sheed & Ward, London and New York 1950, Chapter VII identifying themselves with Central Europe.
- Most of these countries were members of the military Warsaw pact and its economic twin COMECON. First and foremost was the Soviet Union (which by itself included Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine). Other countries dominated by the Soviet Union were the East Germany|German Democratic Republic, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania.
- The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (formed after World War II and before its later dismemberment) was not a member of the Warsaw Pact. It was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement, an organization created in an attempt to avoid being assigned to any of the two blocs. It was demonstratively independent from the Soviet Union for most of the Cold War period, but because of its communist regime it was widely regarded part of the ''Eastern/communist bloc''.
- Albania broke with the Soviet Union in the early 1960s as a result of the Sino-Soviet split, aligning itself instead with China. Despite this, it had a communist regime and thus was considered part of the ''Eastern/communist bloc''.

Western Europe

At the end of World War II almost all the countries of Western Europe received economic assistance from the United States through the Marshall Plan. Later, most joined NATO and/or the European Community or its rival, the European Free Trade Association. Western Europe is composed of:
- The United Kingdom and France, two of the victors in the war.
- The Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, countries which had been occupied by Nazi Germany and subsequently liberated by the Western Allies.
- The West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany, widely known as West Germany, which had been formed by the Bizone|three occupation zones of Germany controlled by the ''Western Allies'' (USA, UK, and France). The whole of Germany is now regarded as part of Western Europe.
- Italy, a former Axis Power which had surrendered and been occupied by the ''Western Allies''.
- Republic of Ireland|Ireland gained its Anglo-Irish Treaty|independence from the United Kingdom in 1922. It remained neutral during the war. It never joined NATO but it joined the European Union in 1973.
- The Nordic countries were special cases. Denmark and Norway had been conquered by Nazi Germany but were not liberated by the allies. During the war Iceland, then still united with Denmark under the kingdom of Denmark, had been Invasion of Iceland|invaded and occupied by the United Kingdom and the United States without any casualties of any nationality. Iceland proclaimed its History of Iceland#World War II and the establishment of the Republic|full independence during the war.
- Sweden had remained neutral throughout the war.
- Finland had been invaded by the Soviet Union twice (in the Winter War and the Continuation War) but the Soviets could not defeat them. After the Winter War on 12 March 1940 the Moscow Peace Treaty was signed and after the Continuation War an armistice between the Soviet Union and Finland was signed on 19 September. (see also: Moscow Peace Treaty, Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|peace treaty, Moscow Armistice).
- Austria and Switzerland were also special cases. Austria had been incorporated into Nazi Germany through the Anschluss before the war, while Switzerland had remained neutral throughout the war. After the war both of them remained neutral, in the case of Austria through the Austrian State Treaty. Austria eventually joined the European Union but not NATO. Switzerland declined membership of NATO and the European Union but did join EFTA.
- Portugal, Spain, and Greece, formerly under authoritarian regimes, became parliamentarian democracies in the mid-1970s. They subsequently joined the European Union. Spain and Greece joined NATO at around that time, but Portugal had been a founding member of NATO (1949) and EFTA (1960), during the Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo regime (1932-1974).
- The European microstates of Vatican City, San Marino, Monaco, Andorra and Liechtenstein are also considered part of ''Western Europe''. Many of these states have special agreements and treaties with the European Union.
- The legal status of many of the overseas territories in Europe (including Gibraltar, the Channel Islands and the Faroe Islands) vary from case to case, but they are also considered part of ''Western Europe''.
- Malta is generally considered part of ''Western Europe''.United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization: Western Europe

Later political developments

The world changed dramatically with the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989. The Federal Republic of Germany peacefully absorbed the German Democratic Republic, leading to the German reunification. COMECON and the Warsaw Pact were dissolved, and in 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist. Several countries which had been part of the Soviet Union regained their full independence. Although the term ''Western Europe'' was largely defined of the Cold War, it still remains much in use. The term is commonly used in the media and in everyday use both in "western" and other regions of Europe. Western Europe has increasingly less to do with the European Union. The 1995, 2004, and 2007 Enlargement of the European Union|enlargements saw many post-communist countries joining the EU, and a view that Europe is divided strictly into the West and the East is sometimes considered patronising or pejorative by many in the countries of Central Europe.

Present time

Definition used by the United Nations Statistics Division

The United Nations Statistics Division considers Western Europe to consist of the following nine countries,United Nations Statistics Division - Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings except in the case of United Nations Regional Groups, in which the term also includes northern and southern Europe: * * * * * * * * * However, it should be noticed that this statistical division was designed during the Cold War period. According to the UN Statistics Division, ''the assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories by the United Nations''.http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm

Population of Western Europe

Countries of Western Europe as defined by the National Geographic Society.

References and notes

- ''The Making of Europe'', ISBN 0-14-015409-4, by Robert Bartlett
- ''Crescent and Cross'', ISBN 1-84212-753-5, by Hugh Bicheno
- ''The Normans'', ISBN 0-7524-2881-0, by Trevor Rowley
- ''1066 The Year of the Three Battles'', ISBN 0-7126-6672-9, by Frank McLynn