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National Geographic Society

The '''National Geographic Society''' ('''NGS'''), headquartered in Washington, D.C. in the United States, is one of the largest non-profit scientific and educational institutions in the world. Its interests include geography, archaeology and natural science, the promotion of environmental and historical conservation movement|conservation, and the study of civilization|world culture and world history|history. The National Geographic Society’s logo is a yellow page orientation|portraitframe - rectangular in shape - which appears on the margins surrounding the front covers of its National Geographic (magazine)|magazines.

Overview

The National Geographic Society's historical mission is "to increase and diffuse geographic knowledge while promoting the conservation of the world's cultural, historical, and natural resources." Its President and CEO since March 1998, John M. Fahey, Jr., says National Geographic's purpose is to inspire people to care about their planet. The Society is governed by a twenty-three member Board of Trustees composed of a group of distinguished educators, leading business executives, former governmental officials, and conservationists. The organization sponsors and funds scientific research and exploration. The Society publishes an official journal, ''National Geographic Magazine'', and other magazines, books, school products, maps, other publications, web and film products in numerous languages and countries around the world. It also has an educational foundation that gives grants to education organizations and individuals to enhance geography education. Its Committee for Research and Exploration has given grants for scientific research for most of the Society's history and has recently awarded its 9,000th grant for scientific research, conducted worldwide and often reported on by its media properties. Its various media properties reach about 360 million people around the world monthly. National Geographic maintains a museum free for the public in its Washington, D.C. headquarters, and has helped to sponsor popular traveling exhibits such as the "King Tut" exhibit featuring magnificent artifacts from the tomb of the young Ancient Egypt|Egyptian Pharaoh, which toured in several American cities, ending its U.S. showing at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia. The Tut exhibit is currently in Atlanta. Another National Geographic exhibit of "The Cultural Treasures of Afghanistan" opened in May 2008 at the National Gallery of Art in Washington. The exhibit will travel over the next eighteen months to the Houston Museum of Fine Arts, the Asian Art Museum in San Francisco, and the Metropolitan Museum in New York City. In November 2008, National Geographic opened a major retail store on Regent Street in London.

History

The National Geographic Society began as a club for an elite group of academics and wealthy patrons interested in travel.http://www.mccombs.utexas.edu/news/pressreleases/fahey07.asp On January 13, 1888, 33 explorers and scientists gathered at the Cosmos Club, a private club then located on President's Park#Lafayette Square|Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C., to organize "a society for the increase and diffusion of geography|geographical knowledge." After preparing a constitution and a plan of organization, the National Geographic Society was incorporated two weeks later on January 27. Gardiner Greene Hubbard became its first president and his son-in-law, Alexander Graham Bell, eventually succeeded him in 1897 following his death. In 1899 Bell's son-in-law Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor was named the first full-time editor of National Geographic Magazine and served the organization for fifty-five years (1954), and members of the Grosvenor family have played important roles in the organization since. Bell and his son-in-law, Grosvenor, devised the successful marketing notion of Society membership and the first major use of photographs to tell stories in magazines. The current Chairman of the Board of Trustees of National Geographic is Gilbert Melville Grosvenor, who received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2005 for the Society's leadership for Geography education. In 2004, the National Geographic Headquarters in Washington, D.C. was one of the first buildings to receive a "Green" certificationhttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/kids/2004/04/greenbuilding.html from Global Green USA.Global Green The National Geographic received the prestigious Prince of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanity in October 2006 in Oviedo, Spain.

Publications

''National Geographic''

The ''National Geographic Magazine'', later shortened to ''National Geographic'', published its first issue (October 1888) nine months after the Society was founded as the Society's official journal, a benefit for joining the tax exempt National Geographic Society. The magazine has had for many years a trademarked yellow border around the edge of its cover. There are 12 monthly issues of ''National Geographic'' per year, plus at least four additional map supplements. On rare occasions, special issues of the magazine are also created. The magazine contains articles about geography, popular science, world history, culture, current events and photography of places and things all over the world and universe. The ''National Geographic'' magazine is currently published in 32 language editions in many countries around the world. Combined English and other language circulation is nearly nine million monthly with more than fifty million readers monthly.

Other publications

In addition to its flagship magazine, the Society publishes five other periodicals in the United States:
- ''National Geographic Kids'': launched in 1975 as ''National Geographic World'', it adopted its current name in 2001. It has a U.S. circulation of over 1.5 million. There are also currently 18 local language editions of ''NG Kids'', with another half million in circulation. An Arabic edition of the children's magazine was launched in Egypt in early 2007, and more than 42,000 copies are distributed to all the public schools in Egypt, in addition to another 15,000 single copy sales. More recently, an Albanian and Poland|Polish edition were launched.
- ''National Geographic Little Kids'': for children aged 3–6
- ''National Geographic Traveler'': launched in 1984. There are nine language editions of ''NG Traveler''.
- ''National Geographic Adventure Magazine|National Geographic Adventure'': launched in 1999
- ''National Geographic Explorer'': classroom magazine launched in 2001 as ''National Geographic for Kids'', which has grown to about 2 1/2 million circulation.
- ''National Geographic Green Guide'': Launched in 2003, tips to consumers of how to live a "greener" life. The print version was discontinued in January 2009.http://www.foliomag.com/2008/national-geographic-discontinues-green-guide-print
- ''Glimpse Magazine'' (in association with National Geographic)
- ''Treasures of the Earth'' a collection about minerals and gemstones The Society also runs an online news outlet called National Geographic News. The Society previously published:
- The ''National Geographic School Bulletin'', magazine similar to the ''National Geographic'' but aimed at grade school children, was published weekly during the school year from 1919 to 1975, when it was replaced by ''National Geographic World''.
- During the 1980s and 1990s, it published a research journal which later closed. The Society has published maps, Atlas (cartography)|atlases, and numerous books. It also lends its license to other publishers, for example to Thames & Kosmos for a line of science kits. In October 2007, National Geographic created a new Global Media group composed of its magazine, book publishing, television, film, music, radio, digital media and maps units. Tim Kelly, 51, president and CEO of National Geographic Ventures, has been named president, Global Media.

Television

Programs by the National Geographic Society are also broadcasted on television. National Geographic television specials as well as television series have been aired on PBS and other networks in the United States and globally for many years. The ''Geographic'' series in the U.S. started on CBS in 1964, moved to American Broadcasting Company|ABC in 1973 and shifted to PBS (produced by WQED (TV)|WQED, Pittsburgh) in 1975. It has featured stories on numerous scientific figures such as Louis Leakey, Jacques Cousteau, or Jane Goodall that not only featured their work but helped make them world-famous and accessible to millions. A majority of the specials were narrated by various actors, including Richard Kiley and Martin Sheen. The specials' theme music, by Elmer Bernstein, was also adopted by the National Geographic Channel. The National Geographic Channel has begun to launch a number of subbranded channels in international markets, such as Nat Geo Wild, Nat Geo Adventure, Nat Geo Junior, and Nat Geo Music. In 1997, internationally, and in 2001 in the United States, the Society launched, in part ownership with other entities like News Corporation, the National Geographic Channel, a television channel with global distribution for cable television|cable and satellite television|satellite viewers. National Geographic Films, a wholly-owned taxable subsidiary of the National Geographic Society, has also produced a feature film based on the diary of a Russian submarine commander starring Harrison Ford in ''K-19: The Widowmaker'', and most recently retooling a French-made documentary for U.S. distribution with a new score and script narrated by Morgan Freeman called ''March of the Penguins'', which received an Academy Award for the Best Documentary in 2006. After a record million theatrical gross in the United States, over four million DVD copies of ''March of the Penguins'' have been sold. National Geographic Films launched a new feature film in July called ''Arctic Tale'', featuring the story of two families of walrus and polar bears. Queen Latifah is the narrator of this film. Inspired by a National Geographic Magazine article, National Geographic opened in October 2007 a 3-D large format and Reality 3-D film called ''Sea Monsters'', with a musical score by Peter Gabriel. National Geographic Films is co-producing with Edward Norton and Brad Pitt the 10-hour mini series of Steven Ambrose's award-winning ''Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson and the Opening of the American West'' for HBO. The National Geographic website (nationalgeographic.com) provides a wealth of content in multimedia formats, including a recently launched site highlighting world music. More recently National Geographic has agreed to go on a journey of broadcasting the stories of our natural world that is scheduled to start in the Spring of 2010. Viewers will also be introduced to new technology and experience information about animals in land sea and air.

Support for research and projects

[[File:National Geographic Society Administration Building.JPG|thumb|National Geographic Society's Administration Building in Washington, D.C.]] The Society has helped sponsor many expeditions and research projects over the years, including:
- Codex Tchacos - Conservation and translation of the only known surviving copy of the Gospel of Judas
- Ian Baker - Discovers hidden waterfall of the Yarlung Tsangpo Canyon|Tsangpo Gorge, Tibet
- Robert Ballard - RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'' (1985) and John F. Kennedy's Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109|PT-109 (2002) discovery
- Robert Bartlett (explorer)|Robert Bartlett - Arctic Exploration (1925-45)
- George Bass (archaeologist)|George Bass - Undersea archaeology - Bronze Age trade
- Lee Berger - Oldest footprints of modern humans ever found
- Hiram Bingham III|Hiram Bingham - Machu Picchu Excavation (1915)
- Richard E. Byrd - First flight over South Pole (1929)
- Jacques-Yves Cousteau - Undersea exploration
- J. Michael Fay|Mike Fay - MegaTransect (1999) and MegaFlyover (2004) in Africa
- Dian Fossey - gorilla|Mountain gorillas
- Birute Galdikas - Orangutans
- Jane Goodall - Chimpanzees
- Robert F Griggs|Robert F. Griggs - Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (1916)
- Heather Halstead - World Circumnavigations of Reach the World
- Louis Leakey|Louis and Mary Leakey - Discovery of manlike ''Zinjanthropus'', more than 1.75 million years old
- Gustavus McLeod - First flight to the North Pole in an open-air cockpit aircraft
- Robert Peary and Matthew Henson - North Pole Expedition (1905)
- Paul Sereno - Dinosaurs
- Will Steger - Polar Exploration & First Explorer-in-Residence 1996Explorer-in-Residence
- Spencer Wells - The Genographic Project
- Xu Xing - Discovery of fossil dinosaurs in China that have distinct feathers The Society supports many socially-based projects including AINA (organization)|AINA, a Kabul-based organization dedicated to developing an independent Afghan media, which was founded by one of the Society's most famous photographers, Reza Deghati|Reza. The Society also sponsors the National Geographic Bee, an annual geographic contest for American middle-school students. More than four million students a year begin the geography competition locally, which culminates in a national competition of the winners of each state each May in Washington, D.C. Alex Trebek has moderated the final competition since the competition began some seventeen years ago. Every two years, the Society conducts an international geography competition of competing teams from all over the world. The most recent was held in Mexico City on July 15, 2009, and had representatives from 15 national teams. The team from Canada emerged as the winner, with teams from the United States and Poland in second and third place.

Hubbard Medal

The Hubbard Medal is awarded by the National Geographic Society for distinction in exploration, discovery, and research. The medal is named for Gardiner Greene Hubbard, the first National Geographic Society president. The Hubbard Medal has been presented 34 times as of 2000, the most recent award going posthumously to Matthew Henson, Robert Peary's fellow Arctic explorer.Allen Counter accepts Hubbard medal for Henson

Toys and games

Over the years, National Geographic has released a metal detector, ant colony, and other items. It also operates a subsidiary, NGS Games, which produces computer games such as Plan It Green. The website also has browser-based games.http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/games

Criticism

- ''See also: National Geographic (Magazine)#Criticism|National Geographic (Magazine) –Criticism In their book ''Reading National Geographic,'' Lutz and Collins argue that the D.C.-based National Geographic Society is intimately tied to the American establishment and "cultivates ties to government officials and corporate interests".Lutz, Catherine and Jane Collins (1993), ''Reading National Geographic'', p. 5. Rothenberg also wrote that the Society's flagship publication ''National Geographic'', as a part of mainstream popular culture, has historically helped to articulate a particularly American identity in opposition to "both old Europe and primitive non-Western regions... an identity of civic and technological superiority but yet, a distinctly benign and friendly identity".Rothenberg, Tamar (2007), ''Presenting America's World: Strategies of Innocence in National Geographic Magazine, 1888–1945'', p. 5. Lutz and Collins described how National Geographic photographs were sometimes electronically manipulated.Iezza, Cora McGovern. "Reading ''Reading National Geographic''". 1997. (Via the Internet Archive.) In one photo of bare-breasted Polynesian women, their skin color was darkened. The book also documented how NG photographers have encouraged their subjects to change costumes when their clothing was seen as "too drab" for the magazine. Summarizing an analysis of NG photographs from 1950–1986, the authors argued the following themes: "The people of the third and fourth worlds are portrayed as exotic; they are idealized; they are naturalized and taken out of all but a single historical narrative; and they are sexualized. Several of these themes wax and wane in importance through the postwar period, but none is ever absent."Lutz, Catherine and Jane Collins (1993), ''Reading National Geographic'', p. 89.