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Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25

The '''Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25''' () (NATO reporting name: '''Foxbat''') is a high-supersonic Interceptor aircraft|interceptor and reconnaissance-bomber aircraft designed by the Soviet Union's Mikoyan|Mikoyan-Gurevich bureau. First flown as a prototype in 1964 in aviation|1964, it entered service in 1970. With a top speed of Mach number|Mach 2.83+, a powerful radar and four air-to-air missiles, the MiG-25 worried Western observers and prompted development of the F-15 Eagle in late 1960s. The aircraft's capabilities were better understood in 1976 when Soviet pilot Viktor Belenko defected in a MiG-25 to the United States via Japan. The MiG-25 series had a production run of 1,190 aircraft.Aircraft Museum - MiG-25 'Foxbat', Aerospaceweb.org The MiG-25 flew with a number of Soviet allies and former Soviet republics and it remains in limited service in Russia and several other nations. The MIG-25 remains as the fastest interceptor that entered mass production.

Development

Background

Overflights by American Lockheed U-2|U-2s in the late 1950s revealed a need for higher altitude interceptor aircraft.Rich, Ben, Leo Janos. ''Skunk Works''. Little, Brown & Company, 1994. ISBN 0-316-74300-3 In 1960, Soviet intelligence learned of the US's development of the high altitude, Mach number|Mach 3 Lockheed A-12|A-12 reconnaissance aircraft. A high altitude interceptor with high speed would also be needed to defend against the Mach 3 XB-70 Valkyrie|B-70 bomber then under development.Frawley, Gerald. "Mikoyan MiG-25", ''The International Directory of Military Aircraft, 2002/2003''. Aerospace Publications, 2002. ISBN 1-875671-55-2.Pace, Steve. ''F-22 Raptor, America's next lethal war machine''. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. ISBN 0-07-134271-0. A variety of roles were considered for the prospective aircraft, including cruise missile carriers and even a small five to seven-passenger supersonic transport, but the main objective was a high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft for the Frontal Aviation and heavy interceptor for homeland defence. The Mikoyan-Gurevich OKB accepted the assignment effective 10 March 1961, carrying the bureau designation "'''Ye-155'''" (or "'''Е-155'''").

Aircraft design phase

Because of the thermal stresses incurred in flight above Mach 2, Mikoyan-Gurevich OKB had difficulties with choosing what materials to use for the aircraft. They had to use E-2 heat-resistant plexiglass for the canopy, and much of high-strength stainless steel for the wings and fuselage. Using titanium rather than steel would have been ideal, but it was expensive and a difficult metal to shape with tools. The problem of cracks in welded titanium structures with thin walls could not be solved. So the heavier nickel steel was used instead. It cost far less than titanium and allowed for welding, along with heat resistance seals.Yefim Gordon, Mikoyan MiG-25 Foxbat The MiG-25 was constructed from 80% nickel steel alloy, 11% aluminum and 8% titanium, 1% other materials.Eden, Paul, ed. "Mikoyan MiG-25 'Foxbat'". "Mikoyan MiG-31 'Foxhound'". ''Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft''. London: Amber Books, 2004. ISBN 1904687849. The steel components were formed by a combination of spot-welding, automatic machine welding and hand arc welding methods. Interestingly, a similar engine arrangement as that for the English Electric Lightning was one of the aircraft configurations considered. It was rejected because the size of the engines meant it would result in a very high aircraft which would complicate maintenance. The first prototype was a reconnaissance variant, designated "''Ye-155-R1''", and made its first flight on 6 March 1964. The first flight of the interceptor prototype, "''Ye-155-P1''", took place on 9 September 1964. Development, which represented a major step forward in Soviet aerodynamics, Aerospace engineering|engineering and metallurgy, took several more years to complete. In the meantime several prototypes, under the cover designation "''Ye-266''" (or "''Е-266''"), made a series of record-setting flights in 1965 in aviation|1965, 1966 in aviation|1966, and 1967 in aviation|1967 for speed, altitude and climb to height. Several records still stand, in particular, on 31 August 1977, an Ye-266M flown by MiG OKB Chief Test Pilot Alexander Fedotov, set the recognized absolute altitude record for a jet aircraft under its own power, reaching 37,650 m (123,523.62 ft. or 23.39 miles) at Podmoskovnoye, USSR in zoom climb (absolute altitude is a different record than the sustained altitude in horizontal flight). The aircraft was a MiG-25RB re-engined with the powerful R15BF2-300. It had earlier been part of the program to improve the aircraft's top speed that resulted in the MiG-25M prototype. Full scale production of the ''MiG-25P'' ('Foxbat-A') (interceptor) began in 1971. Interestingly, production of the ''MiG-25R'' ('Foxbat-B'), reconnaissance variant began earlier, in 1969 in aviation|1969. Introduction of the new aircraft into service went smoothly. A non-combat Trainer (aircraft)|trainer variant ('Foxbat-C') was also developed for each version, the ''MiG-25PU'' and ''MiG-25RU'', respectively. The MiG-25R evolved several subsequent derivatives, including the ''MiG-25RB'' reconnaissance-bomber, the ''MiG-25RBS'' ('Foxbat-D') with side-looking airborne radar (SLAR), the ''MiG-25RBK'' ELINT aircraft, and the ''MiG-25BM'' ('Foxbat-F') SEAD variant, carrying four MKB Raduga|Raduga Kh-58 (NATO reporting name AS-11 'Kilter') anti-radiation missiles. The BM variant was introduced late into service, in 1988. The MiG-25 was theoretically capable of a maximum speed of Mach 3+ and a ceiling of 90,000 ft (27,000 m). Plans for a new aircraft to develop the Foxbat's potential to go faster than the in-service limit of Mach 2.8 were designed as a flying prototype. Unofficially designated MiG-25M, it had new powerful engines R15BF2-300, improved radar, and missiles. This work never resulted in a machine for series production, however, as the coming MiG-31 showed more promise. Although intended for intercepting or threatening high-altitude, high-speed aircraft, the MiG-25's maneuverability, range, and close combat potential were extremely limited. Even its high speed was problematic: although sufficient thrust was available to reach Mach 3.2, a limit of Mach 2.8 had to be imposed as the turbines tended to overspeed and overheat at higher speeds, possibly damaging them beyond repair.http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946651,00.htmlhttp://www.vectorsite.net/avmig25_1.htmlMikoyan MiG-25 Foxbat Gunston, Bill and Mike Spick. ''Modern Air Combat: The Aircraft, Tactics and Weapons Employed in Aerial Combat Today.'' NY: Crescent Books, 1983, pp. 132-133, Mikoyan/Gurevich MiG-25.Barron, John. ''MiG Pilot: The Final Escape of Lt. Belenko''. Mcgraw-Hill, 1980. ISBN 0-380-53868-7. Inaccurate intelligence analyses caused the West to initially believe the MiG-25 was an agile air-combat fighter rather than an interceptor. In response, the United States started a new program which resulted in the F-15 Eagle.Davies, Steve. ''Combat Legend, F-15 Eagle and Strike Eagle''. London: Airlife Publishing, Ltd., 2002. ISBN 1-84037-377-6.Jenkins, Dennis R. ''McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, Supreme Heavy-Weight Fighter''. Arlington, TX: Aerofax, 1998. ISBN 1-85780-081-8. As the result of Belenko's defection and the compromise of the MiG-25P's radar and missile systems, beginning in 1976 in aviation|1976 the Soviets started to develop an advanced version, the ''MiG-25PD'' ('Foxbat-E'). This upgrade consisted of new RP-25 Sapfeer ''Saphir'' look-down/shoot-down radar, Infra-red search and track|infrared search and track (IRST) system, other electronic improvements and more powerful R15B-300 engines. About 370 earlier MiG-25Ps were converted to this standard and redesignated ''MiG-25PDS''. Approximately 1,186 MiG-25s were produced by the time production ended in 1984, and the type was exported to Algeria, Bulgaria (3 MiG-25Rs and 1 MiG-25RUs until 1992), India (until 2006), Iraq, Libya, and Syria.

Design

Western militaries got a better understanding of the MiG-25s capabilities on 6 September 1976, when a Soviet Air Defence Forces pilot, Lt. Viktor Belenko, defection|defected, landing his MiG-25P at Hakodate Airport in Japan. The pilot overshot the runway on landing, damaging the landing gear and making the plane un-airworthy. It was carefully dismantled and analyzed by the Foreign Technology Division (now the National Air and Space Intelligence Center) of the United States Air Force, at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. After 67 days, the aircraft was returned to the Soviets in pieces. The analysis, based on technical manuals and ground tests of engines and avionics, showed some interesting facts:
- Belenko's particular aircraft was brand new, representing the very latest Soviet technology.
- The aircraft was assembled very quickly, and was essentially built around its massive Tumansky R-15(B) turbojets.
- Welding was done by hand. Rivets with non-flush heads were used in areas that would not cause adverse drag (physics)|aerodynamic drag.
- The aircraft was built of a nickel alloy and not titanium as was assumed (though some titanium was used in heat-critical areas). The steel construction contributed to the craft's massive 64,000 lb (29,000 kg) unarmed weight.
- The majority of the on-board avionics were based on vacuum tube|vacuum-tube technology, not solid-state electronics. Although they represented aging technology, vacuum tubes were actually more tolerant of temperature extremes, thereby removing the need for providing complex environmental controls inside the avionics bays. In addition, the vacuum tubes were easy to replace in remote northern airfields where sophisticated transistor parts might not have been readily available. As with most Soviet aircraft, the MiG-25 was designed to be as rugged as possible. Moreover, the use of vacuum tubes makes the aircraft's systems more resistant to an electromagnetic pulse, for example after a nuclear blast.Broad, William J. "Nuclear Pulse (I): Awakening to the Chaos Factor," Science. 29 May 1981 212: 1009–1012
- Thanks to the use of vacuum tubes, the MiG-25P's original Smerch-A (''Tornado'', NATO reporting name 'Foxfire') radar had enormous power — about 600 watt|kilowatts.
- The airspeed indicator was redlined at Mach 2.8, with typical intercept speeds near Mach 2.5 in order to extend the service life of the engines. A MiG-25 was tracked flying over Sinai at Mach 3.2 in the early 1970s, but the flight resulted in the destruction of its engines.Spick, Mike. ''The Great Book of Modern Warplanes''. MBI, 2000. ISBN 0-7603-0893-4.
- Maximum acceleration (g-force|''g''-load) rating was just 2.2 ''g'' (21.6 m/s²) with full fuel tanks, with an absolute limit of 4.5 ''g'' (44.1 m/s²). One MiG-25 withstood an inadvertent 11.5 ''g'' (112.8 m/s²) pull during low-altitude dogfight training, but the resulting deformation damaged the airframe beyond repair.http://www.globalaircraft.org/planes/mig-25_foxbat.pl
- Combat radius was 186 miles (300 km), and maximum range on internal fuel (at subsonic speeds) was only 744 miles (1,200 km) at low altitude (<1000 meter). In fact, Belenko had only just reached Japan without running out of fuel; without sufficient fuel for a carefully planned landing, he narrowly missed a commercial airliner taking off, and overran the available runway on landing.

Operational history

Before entering operational service, two MiG-25R, and two MiG-25RB were sent to Egypt in March 1971 (they stayed till July 1972). They were operated by the Soviet 63rd Independent Air Detachement set up specially for this mission. Det 63 flew over Israeli held territory on reconnaissance missions roughly 20 times. The flights were in pairs at maximum speed and high altitude (between 17,000-23,000 m). On 6 November 1971, an Egyptian MiG-25 flying at Mach 2.5 was met by Israeli F-4Es and fired upon unsuccessfully.Foxbats over Sinai. spyflight.co.ukMiG-25 Foxbat. Vectorsite.net A MiG-25 was tracked flying over Sinai at Mach 3.2 during this period. The MiG-25 oversped its engines, which led to their destruction. Unit Det 63 was sent back home in 1972, though reconnaissance Foxbats were sent back to Egypt in 19-20 October 1973 during the Yom Kippur War. Unit Det 154 remained there until late 1974. The MiG-25 was in service with the Iraqi Air Force during the Iran–Iraq War, but its success against Iranian fighters is largely unknown. Research by journalist Tom Cooper shows that as many as fourteen MIG-25s may have been shot down by Iranian fighters during the period spanning 1978 to 1988,Iranian Air-to-Air Victories 1982-today acig.org, 19 May 2006.Iranian Air-to-Air Victories 1976-1981. acig.org, 19 May 2006.Iranian F-14 Units in Combat, by Tom Cooper and Farzad Bishop, Osprey Publishing, 2004. although it is difficult to determine the validity of these claims. During the Gulf War|Persian Gulf War, a US Navy F/A-18 Hornet|F/A-18 piloted by Lt Cdr Scott Speicher was shot down on the first night of the war by a missile"Intelligence Community Assessment of the Lieutenant Commander Speicher Case". 27 March 2001. FOIA Electronic Reading Room. CIA. 10 Sept. 2006.http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000588922/0000588922_0001.gif probably fired by a MiG-25.Weiner, Tim. "With Iraq's O.K., a U.S. Team Seeks War Pilot's Body." ''The New York Times'', December 14, 1995: A1. The kill was reportedly made with a Bisnovat R-40|R-40TD missile fired from a MiG-25PDS flown by Lt. Zuhair Dawood of the 84th squadron of the IrAF.Sadik, A., Zampini, D. "Tretij Den' (i posledujuschie...)" Third Day (and beyond...)". ''Aviacija i vremja'' (''Aviation and Time'') No. 6 (2005). In another incident, an Iraqi MiG-25PD, after eluding eight U.S. Air Force F-15s, fired three missiles at EF-111A Raven electronic warfare aircraft, forcing them to abort their mission and leave attacking aircraft without electronic jamming support.Atkinson 1993, pp. 125–26. Quote: "But as the Ravens began their second orbit in a counterclockwise turn toward the Syrian border (over Al-Qa'im (town)|Al-Qaim), a MiG-25 suddenly darted toward them at high speed. The Iraqi fired one air-to-air missile at the lead Raven and two at his wingman. The missiles flew wide, but the Ravens dived to escape and then, uncertain where the MiG was lurking, turned back to Saudi Arabia." In yet another incident, two MiG-25s approached a pair of F-15s, fired missiles (which were evaded by the F-15s), and then outran the American fighters. Two more F-15s joined the pursuit, and a total of ten air-to-air missiles were fired at the MiG-25s, although none reached them.Atkinson, pp. 230-231. According to the same sources, at least one F-111 was also forced to abort its mission by a MiG-25 on the first 24 hours of hostilities, during an air raid over Tikrit. Atkinson, p. 75. Two MiG-25s were shot down by USAF F-15Cs during the Gulf War. After the war, in 1992, a U.S. F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16 downed a MiG-25 that violated the Iraqi no-fly zones|no-fly zone in southern Iraq. In May 1997 an Indian Air Force MiG-25RB was detected flying faster than Mach 2 at least 65,000 ft,over Pakistani territory following a reconnaissance mission into Pakistan airspace. However, from one of PAF's Forward Operating Bases, radar traced the intruder and the F-16As scrambled, but could not match the MIG-25 ceiling. India denied the incident but Pakistan's Foreign Minister, Gohar Ayub Khan, believed that the Foxbat photographed strategic installations near the Capital, Islamabad.Steinemann, Peter. "Recce Incursion" Air Power International The MiG-25 was an important strategic asset to India until the advent of recce satellites. On December 23, 2002, an Iraqi MiG-25 shot down a U.S. Air Force unmanned MQ-1 Predator drone, which was performing armed reconnaissance over Iraq. This was the first time in history that an aircraft and an unmanned drone had engaged in combat. Predators had been armed with AIM-92 Stinger air-to-air missiles, and were being used to "bait" Iraqi fighter planes, then run. In this incident, the Predator did not run, but instead fired one of the Stingers, which missed, while the MiG's missile did not.Krane, Jim. "Pilotless Warriors Soar To Success." CBS News 25 April 2003. & CBS Video of Shoot-Down No Iraqi aircraft were deployed in the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, with most Iraqi aircraft being hidden or destroyed on the ground. In August 2003, several dozen Iraqi aircraft were discovered buried in the sand. Those aircraft included two MiG-25s, which were excavated and sent to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base|WPAFB's Foreign Technology Division using a C-5 Galaxy|C-5B Galaxy. In December 2006, it was announced that one MiG-25 was being donated to the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Dayton, Ohio.See photo

Variants

Ye-133 : This designation was given to one aircraft, it was used by Svetlana Savitskaya to establish a number of women's speed and height records. The Ye-133 set a women's speed record of 2,683.44-km (1.667.412 mph) on the 22 June 1975.Ye-155-R1 : Reconnaissance prototype.Ye-155-P1 : Interceptor fighter prototype.Ye-266 : High-speed record breaking aircraft. The Ye-266 set a new speed record in a 1000-km (621 mile) close circuit in april 1965.Ye-266M : High-altitude record breaking aircraft. The Ye-266M set an absolute altitude record of 37,650 m (123,524 ft).MiG-25R "Foxbat-B" : Single-seat reconnaissance aircraft, fitted with cameras, sensors and ECCM equipment.MiG-25P "Foxbat-A" : Single-seat all-weather interceptor fighter aircraft, powered by two Tumansky R-15B-300 turbojet engines, armed with four Bisnovat R-40|R-40 air-to-air missiles.MiG-25PU "Foxbat-C" : Two-seat trainer aircraft, with a new nose section fitted with two separate cockpits, lacks radar and has no combat capability.MiG-25RB "Foxbat-B" : Single-seat reconnaissance-bomber aircraft, fitted with cameras and a Peleng automatic bombing system. The aircraft can carry a bombload of six 1,102-lb (500-kg) bombs or one nuclear weapon.MiG-25RBS "Foxbat-D" : Single-seat reconnaissance-bomber aircraft, fitted with cameras and a side looking airborne radar (SLAR), equipped with a Sabla radio location system.MiG-25RBSh : MiG-25RBS Foxbats fitted with new equipment.MiG-25RBK : Single-seat Elint aircraft, fitted with a side looking airborne radar.MiG-25RBT : Single-seat Elint aircraft.MiG-25RBV : Single-seat reconniassance-bomber aircraft, fitted improved equipment.MiG-25RU : Two-seat reconnaissance, trainer aircraft, it has no operational equipment.MiG-25BM "Foxbat-F" : Single-seat defence-suppression aircraft, armed with Kh-58 or Kh-31 air-to-surface missles.MiG-25PD "Foxbat-E" : Single-seat all-weather interceptor fighter aircraft, fitted with a RP-25 look-down/shoot down radar, and an undernose IR search and track system, powered by two Tumansky R-15BD-300 turbojet engines, armed with two R-40 and four Molniya R-60|R-60 air-to-air missiles.MiG-25PDS : This designation was applied to all surviving MiG-25P Foxbat-As. The aircraft were subsequently upgraded in the early 1980s.

Operators

Current operators

- Algerian Air Force - 48 MiG-25 purchased from Ukrainian stocks. The types were MiG-25PDS, RBV, PU, and RU. 14 were in service in November 2008, including 5 MiG-25A, 3 MiG-25PD, and 3 MiG-25R models. The interceptors were operated from Ain Oussera Air Base by the 110 & 120 Escadron de Chasse and the recce/strike types by 510 Escadron de Chasse.
- Armenian Air Force - 1 is inventory as of November 2008."Directory: World Air Forces". ''Flight International'', 11-17 November 2008. One MiG-25PD based at Gyumri.
- Azerbaijan Air Force - received eight MiG-25PD, fourteen MiG-25RB and six MiG-25 trainers. 5 of these aircraft were in use in November 2008. ;
- Military of Kazakhstan - 16 in inventory as of November 2008. ;
- Russian Air Force - 39 are in service as of November 2008. They are a mix of MiG-25 interceptors and MiG-25RB recon.
- Syrian Air Force - Received 16 MiG-25PD, eight MiG-25RB and two trainers. 40 were in use as of November 2008, including MiG-25Rs and a MiG-25U.http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/syria/airforce-equipment.htm
- Military of Turkmenistan - 24 (MiG-25PD/MiG-25PU) in inventory as of November 2008. ;
- Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force - Received from Iraq during the Gulf War.

Former operators

;
- Bulgarian Air Force - Three MiG-25RBT (#731, #736 and #754) and one MiG-25RU (#51) aircraft were delivered in 1982. On April 12, 1984 #736 crashed near Balchik. The pilot ejected successfully. They were operated by 26th RAB at Dobrich until their withdrawal. In May 1991, the surviving MiG-25s were returned to the USSR in exchange for five MiG-23MLD. ;
- Belarus Air Force - Had up to fifty MiG-25, including 13 mig-25PD. By 1995 the type had been withdrawn. ;
- Indian Air Force - Took delivery of six MiG-25RBK and two MiG-25RU in 1981. They were operated by no.102 Squdron 'Trisonics' based at Bakshi-ka-talab AB in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh. One MiG-RBK crashed on August 3, 1994. Retired from service in July 2006. The Trishul air-base in Bareilly had Foxbats capable of flying up to 80,000 feet ;
- Iraqi Air Force - Had two MiG-25PU, four MiG-25RB, five MiG-25RBT and 11 MiG-25PD. Seven MiGs were flown over to Iran in 1991, the rest were destroyed in the Gulf War and Operation Southern Watch or buried during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Some also may have been lost during the Iran–Iraq War. ;
- Georgian Air Force ;
- Libyan Air Force Operated a large number of MiG-25, some sources say more than 60 were delivered. Types were of the MiG-25PD, MiG-25RBK, MiG-25PU and MiG-25RU variants. They were operated by no.1025 sqdrn. at Jufra-Hun, no.1055 sqdrn. at Ghurdabiya and an unidentified squadron at Sabqa. Current staus of the force is unknown. - The largest operator historically, Soviet aircraft were passed on to its successor states in 1991.
- Soviet Air Force
- Soviet Anti-Air Defence ;
- Ukrainian Air Force - Took over 79 aircraft after the break up of the USSR. They have been withdrawn from service. It is reported some have been sold to countries in the third-world.

Survivors

- MiG-25RB (s/n 2505) is in the restoration facility at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio. This aircraft was found in 2003 during the opening months of Operation Iraqi Freedom by American forces, buried in the sand near Al Taqaddum Airbase, about 250 km west of Baghdad. The aircraft had been buried to prevent its destruction on the ground by coalition aircraft. When uncovered, the MiG-25RB was incomplete, as the wings could not be located. This aircraft was one of two MiG-25's transported by a C-5A Galaxy from Iraq to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base for examination. It was donated to the National Museum of the United States Air Force in 2006. The museum's restoration staff is currently attempting to locate a set of wings to complete the aircraft for display.

Specifications (MiG-25P 'Foxbat-A')

References

- Atkinson, Rick. ''Crusade: The Untold History of the Persian Gulf War''. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1993.

External links

- MiG-25 page on GlobalSecurity.org
- MiG-25/31 at Greg Goebel's Air Vectors site
- MiG-25 page on Milavia.net
- MiG 25 vs. SR-71 Blackbird discussion
- MiG-25 Foxbat at Russian Military Analysis
- Foxbat and Foxhound - Australian Aviation
- Recce Incursion - Famous incident of IAF MiG-25 intruding into Pakistan airspace
- Photo Russian MiG-25 in flight - 2007 Category:Mikoyan aircraft|MiG-025 Category:Cold War fighter aircraft Category:Jet aircraft Category:Multiple engine aircraft Category:Interceptor aircraft Category:Soviet fighter aircraft 1960-1969 Category:Active Russian military aircraft simple:MiG-25 Foxbat

Related Images

- Ye-155K3 Reconnaissance prototype (1964)
- Cameras of the MiG-25RB
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- 300px

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