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DNA sequence
A '''DNA sequence''' or '''genetic sequence''' is a succession of letters representing the primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA molecule or strand, with the capacity to carry information as described by the central dogma of molecular biology.
The possible letters are ''A'', ''C'', ''G'', and ''T'', representing the four nucleotide nucleobase|bases of a DNA strand — adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine — covalent|covalently linked to a phosphodiester bond|phosphodiester backbone. In the typical case, the sequences are printed abutting one another without gaps, as in the sequence AAAGTCTGAC, read left to right in the Directionality (molecular biology)|5' to 3' direction. Short sequences of nucleotides are referred to as oligonucleotide|oligonucleotides and are used in a range of laboratory applications in molecular biology. With regard to biological function, a DNA sequence may be considered Sense (molecular biology)|''sense'' or ''antisense'', and either coding strand|coding or noncoding DNA|noncoding. DNA sequences can also contain "junk DNA."
Sequences can be derived from the biological raw material through a process called DNA sequencing.
In some special cases, letters besides A, T, C, and G are present in a sequence. These letters represent ambiguity. Of all the molecules sampled, there is more than one kind of nucleotide at that position. The rules of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) are as follows:[Nomenclature for Incompletely Specified Bases in Nucleic Acid Sequences, NC-IUB, 1984.]
- '''A''' = adenine
- '''C''' = cytosine
- '''G''' = guanine
- '''T''' = thymine
- '''R''' = G A (purine)
- '''Y''' = T C (pyrimidine)
- '''K''' = G T (keto)
- '''M''' = A C (amino)
- '''S''' = G C (strong bonds)
- '''W''' = A T (weak bonds)
- '''B''' = G T C (all but A)
- '''D''' = G A T (all but C)
- '''H''' = A C T (all but G)
- '''V''' = G C A (all but T)
- '''N''' = A G C T (any)
See also
- DNA
- DNA sequencing
- DNA motif
- Full genome
- Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
- Sequence analysis
- Polymerase chain reaction
References
External links
- A bibliography on features, patterns, correlations in DNA and protein texts
Category:DNA
Related Images- Electropherogram printout from automated sequencer for determining part of a DNA sequence
Sources: StartLearningNow, Wikipedia | Usage license: GNU FDL
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