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Commonwealth

The England|English noun '''''commonwealth''''' dates from the 15th century|fifteenth century. The original phrase "common-wealth" or "the common weal" comes from the old meaning of "wealth," which is "well-being". The term literally meant "common well-being". Thus commonwealth originally meant a state or nation-state governed for the common good as opposed to an authoritarian state governed for the benefit of a given class of owners. The word was a calque on the Latin language|Latin phrase ''res publica'' meaning "public affairs" or "the state", from which the English word republic arises. Today the term is more general and means a '''political community'''. The type of community indicated by the term commonwealth varies. For instance, in different contexts it might indicate:
- a political unit founded in law by agreement of the people for the common good;
- a federation|federated union of constituent states;
- a community of sovereign states;
- a republic;
- a democratic constitutional monarchy; When capitalized, "Commonwealth" normally refers to the 53 member Commonwealth of Nations — formerly the "British Commonwealth" — a loose confederation of nations formerly members of the British Empire (with one exception: Mozambique, which was a Portuguese Empire|Portuguese possession). The Commonwealth's membership includes both republics and monarchies and the (appointed, not hereditary) head of the Commonwealth of Nations is Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II. She also reigns as monarch directly in a number of states, known as Commonwealth Realms, notably the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Jamaica and New Zealand. The Commonwealth of Nations is sometimes referred to as the New Commonwealth in a British context.

Commonwealth of Independent States

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a loose military alliance|alliance or confederation consisting of 11 of the 15 Post-Soviet states|former Soviet Republics, with the exception of Turkmenistan, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. Its creation signaled the dissolution of the Soviet Union, its purpose being to "allow a civilized divorce" between the Republics of the Soviet Union|Soviet Republics. The CIS has developed as a forum by which the member-states can co-operate in economics, Defense (military)|defense and foreign policy.

National

Australia

The term also served when six Australian colony|colonies Federation of Australia|federated to form the Australia|Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act created a federal system, in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the States and territories of Australia|States — the evolved status of the colonies. The Constitution stipulated that Australia was a constitutional monarchy, where the Head of State is the British (or, since 1937, Australian) monarch, who is represented at the federal level by a Governor-General, and at the state level by six Governors, one for each state. The Parliament of Australia was derived from the British, Canadian and American systems to form a uniquely Australian system. It is largely based on the British Westminster System, adopting many of its practices and precedents, but with a similar structure — Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives, and Australian Senate|Senate — to the U.S. Congress. In an Australian context, the term "Commonwealth" (capitalised) thus refers to the Government of Australia|federal government and "Commonwealth of Australia" is the official name of the country.

Dominica

The small Caribbean republic of Dominica has used the official style ''Commonwealth of Dominica'' since 1970

Countries that formerly used the style Commonwealth

Great Britain

The Commonwealth of England was the official name of the political unit (de facto military rule in the name of parliamentary supremacy) that replaced the kingdoms of Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland and Kingdom of England|England (after the English Civil War) under the rule of Oliver Cromwell and his son and successor Richard Cromwell|Richard from 1649 to 1660. It formed the first republic in the Anglosphere|English-speaking world, though this quickly evolved into a de facto monarchy. The Cromwellian Commonwealth is sometimes referred to as the Old Commonwealth in a British context. Former Labour MP Tony Benn introduced a Commonwealth of Britain Bill several times, which would abolish the monarchy and establish a British republic. It has never reached a second reading.

Iceland

The Icelandic Commonwealth or the Icelandic Free State (Icelandic: Þjóðveldið) was the state existing in Iceland between the establishment of the Althing in 930 and the pledge of fealty to the King of Norway|Norwegian king in 1262. It was initially established by a public consisting largely of recent immigrants from Norway who had fled the unification of that country under King Harald Fairhair.

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Commonwealth of Poland

Republic is still an alternative translation of the traditional name of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Wincenty Kadłubek (Vincent Kadlubo, 1160–1223) used for the first time the original Latin term ''res publica'' in the context of Poland in his "Chronicles of the Kings and Princes of Poland". The name was used officially for the confederal country formed by Poland and Lithuania 1569–1795. It is also often referred as "Nobles' Commonwealth" (1505–1795, i.e. before the union). In contemporary political doctrine of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, "our state is a Republic (Commonwealth) under presidency of the King". The commonwealth introduced a doctrine of religious tolerance (see Warsaw Confederation), had its own parliament ''Sejm'' (although elections were restricted to the gentry or ''szlachta'') and elected kings, who were bound to certain contracts ''Pacta conventa (Poland)|Pacta conventa'' from the beginning of the reign. The foundation stones of the Commonwealth (also called the Golden Freedoms) used to be
- Elective monarchy|free election of the king
- ''Pacta conventa'', a binding pledge agreed to by the King on his election
- ''rokosz'', the right of rebellion against kings who did not rule in accordance with their pledge
- ''liberum veto'' (a later development), the right for a single representative to veto the entire proceedings of the Sejm
- ''Confederation (Poland)|confœderatio'' (confederation), a military organisation of the citizens for the attainment of common political aims. "A commonwealth of good counsaile" was the title of the 1607 English translation of the work of Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki "De optimo senatore" that presented to English readers many of the ideas present in the political system of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

United States

U.S. states

Four U.S. state|states in the United States officially designate themselves "commonwealths":
- '''Kentucky''' is designated a Commonwealth by the Kentucky Constitution and is known as the "Commonwealth of Kentucky".
- '''Massachusetts''' is a Commonwealth, declaring itself as such in its constitution, which states that "The body politic is formed by a voluntary association of individuals: it is a social compact, by which the whole people covenants with each citizen, and each citizen with the whole people, that all shall be governed by certain laws for the common good."
- '''Pennsylvania''' uses the term "Commonwealth" loosely. The "Commonwealth of Pennsylvania" is its official title.
- '''Virginia''' has been known as the "Commonwealth of Virginia" since before joining the United States.

U.S. insular areas

"Commonwealth" is also used in the U.S. to describe the political relationship between the United States and the overseas incorporated territory|unincorporated territories:
- '''Commonwealth of the Philippines''' — formed in 1935, and became independent in 1946.
- '''Puerto Rico''' — formed in 1952.
- '''Northern Mariana Islands'''

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