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White

White is a color, the Color_vision#Physiology_of_color_perception|perception which is evoked by light that stimulates all three types of color sensitive cone cells in the human eye in near equal amount and with high brightness compared to the surroundings. Since the impression of white is obtained by three summations of light intensity across the visible spectrum, the number of combinations of light wavelengths that produce the sensation of white is practically infinite. There are a number of different white light sources such as the midday Sun, incandescent lamps, Fluorescent lamp|fluorescent lamps and Led#White_light_LEDs|white LEDs. The impression of white light can also be created by mixing appropriate intensities of the primary colors of light — red, green and blue (RGB) — a process called additive mixing, as seen in many Display technology|display technologies. White light reflected off objects can be seen when no part of the light spectrum is reflected significantly more than others and the reflecting material has a degree of Diffuse reflection|diffusion. This is seen when transparency (optics)|transparent fibers, particles, or droplets are in a transparent matrix of a substantially different List of indices of refraction|refractive index. Examples include classic "white" substances such as sugar, foam, pure sand or snow, cotton, clouds, and milk. Crystal boundaries and imperfections can also make otherwise transparent materials white, as in the milky quartz or the microcrystalline structure of a seashell. This is also true for artificial paints and pigments, where white results when finely divided transparent material of a high refractive index is suspended in a contrasting binder. Typically paints contain calcium carbonate and/or synthetic rutile with no other pigments if a white color is desired.

Etymology

The word ''white'' comes from the Common Germanic ''hwitaz'' though the Old English word ''hwīt''.

Shade

Paint

In painting, white can be crafted by Reflection (physics)|reflecting ambient light from a white pigment, although the ambient light must be white light, or else the white pigment will appear the color of the light. White when mixed with black produces gray (color)|gray. To art students, the use of white can present particular problems, and there is at least one training course specializing in the use of white in art. In watercolor painting, white areas are the absence of paint on the paper. When mixing paints in order to get a lighter color, it's advisable to mix a small amount of color to white, rather than trying to add white to the color, as it will take considerably more paint to get the desired tint.

Light

Until Isaac Newton|Newton's work became accepted, most science|scientists believed that white was the fundamental color of light; and that other colors were formed only by adding something to light. Newton demonstrated this was not true by passing white light through a prism (optics)|prism, then through another prism. If the colors were added by the prism, the second prism should have added further colors to the single-colored beam. Since the single-colored beam remained a single color, Newton concluded that the prism merely dispersion (optics)|separated the colors already present in the light. White light is the effect of combining the visible colors of light in equal proportions. In the science of lighting, there is a Continuum (theory)|continuum of colors of light that can be called "white". One set of colors that deserves this description is the color emitted via the process called ''incandescence'', by a black body at various relatively-high temperatures. For example, the color of a black body at a temperature of 2848 kelvins matches that produced by domestic incandescent light bulbs. It is said that "the color temperature of such a light bulb is 2848 K". The white light used in theatre illumination has a color temperature of about 3200 K. Daylight can vary from a cool red up to a bluish 25,000 K. Not all black body radiation can be considered white light: the background radiation of the universe, to name an extreme example, is only a few kelvins and is quite visible spectrum|invisible.

Objects

While the color of a light source can be reasonably measured by its correlated color temperature, a different approach is required for objects since different samples may appear white without a reference. Thus, assessment of whiteness requires a comparison. The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) prescribes one such method.

Computer color temperature

Computer displays often have a color temperature control, allowing the user to select the color temperature (usually from a small set of fixed values) of the light emitted when the computer produces the electrical signal corresponding to "white". The RGB coordinates of white are (255, 255, 255).

In human culture

Astronomy

- Stars of stellar class A are white.

Board Games

- White is one of the two opponents in many board games of abstract strategy, such as Go (board game)|go, chess, and checkers.
- In the board game Cluedo, the maid Mrs. White is a suspect and a playing piece.

Computers

- A white hat describes a person who is ethically opposed to the abuse of computer systems, in contrast with a black hat, a person who abuses computer systems.

Cultural symbolism

- White often represents purity or innocence in Western culture|Western Civilization, particularly as white clothing or objects are easy to stain. In most Western countries white is the color worn by brides at weddings. Angels are typically depicted as clothed in white robes. In early film Westerns the stereotypically "good guy" wore a white hat (earning them the name "White Hats") while the "bad guy" wore black (earning them the name "Black Hats").
- This can be reversed as a deliberate play on conventions, by having the evil character dress in white, as a symbol of their hypocrisy or arrogance. For example, Don Fanucci in "The Godfather, Part II" is an evil character, but wears an expensive all-white suit as a sign of his esteem, power and prestige.
- In a highly-formal social function, the traditional dress for men attending is "white tie and tails"-- a white bow tie and a tailcoat|swallowtail coat.
- In ancient China, white was the symbol of West and Metal, one of the main five colors.
- In China|Chinese, Vietnamese and Korean tradition, white is the color of mourning and death, as par Confucian custom.
- In Indian tradition, white is also the color of purity and sacredness. It is also used for depicting Peace and Purity. However it is also the color of mourning. People wear white after death of any of their family members.

Ethnography

- The term ''white'' is often used in the Western World|West to denote the race of fair-skinned Caucasian race|Caucasoids people of European descent with pale to white skin color, whose skin color actually ranges from pink to pale brown. It has been suggested that the colors beige or Peach (color)|peach are a more accurate representation of the color of most Caucasians. For more details, see Whites.

Geography

- Mauna Kea means ''white mountain'' in Hawaiian language|Hawaiian because, due to its high altitude, the top of this mountain is usually covered in snow during the winter.
- Mount Blanc means ''white mountain'' in French language|French named for its perennial snow cover.
- Mount Kilimanjaro's name could originate from Swahili meaning little white hill.
- There are a number of islands called White Island around the world

Gifts

- A white elephant is a gift or possession that creates a burden or difficulty for the recipient.

Government and Industry

- A white paper can be an authoritative report on a major issue, as by a team of experts; a government report outlining policy; or a short treatise whose purpose is to educate industry customers. It is called ''white'' paper because it was originally bound in white.

Heraldry

- In English heraldry, white or silver (color) signified brightness, purity, virtue, and innocence.The American Girls Handy Book, pg. 369
- Arthur Charles Fox-Davies has argued that white can be considered a tincture (heraldry)|tincture in heraldry separate from its use to represent argent, and in fact the labels borne on the arms, crests and supporters of members of the British Royal Family other than the reigning List of British monarchs|sovereign are invariably shown as white.

Horticulture

- Senecio cineraria is an old fashioned and popular garden plant due to its white-wooly foliage.

Literature

- White could be associated with horror. The famous chapter 42 ("The Whiteness of The Whale") of Herman Melville|Herman Melville's Moby-Dick speculates about it.
- White is associated with the Psychoforce in Dan Genesis' Chaotic Reign series, and is one of the primary colors of the Amazonas Region.

Magic (paranormal)

- Healing or "good" paranormal magic is called magic (paranormal)|White magic.
- A Treatise on White Magic is a book by Alice Bailey, a Neo-Theosophy|Theosophist. Bailey, Alice A. ''A Treatise on White Magic'' New York:1934 Lucis Publishing Co.

Meteorology

- White is commonly the color of snow and ice.
- Whiteout (weather)|Whiteout is a weather condition in which visibility is reduced and surface definition lost in snowy environments.

Military

- A white flag is an international sign of either surrender (military)|surrender, or truce, that is, it is a sign of peaceful intent, typically at time of war.
- To "show the white feather" is to display cowardice. In cockfighting, a white feather in the tail is considered a mark of inferior breeding. In Victorian era|Victorian England a purported coward would be presented with a white feather.

Music

- The White Album, released in 1968, was the best-selling record album by the Beatles.
- White Light/White Heat, the second studio album by Velvet Underground.
- Also the White Albun, released in 2004 is an album from Australian band TISM.
- White Magic (band)|White Magicis an American rock band.
- In the folk song "Casey Jones," there is a line "You've got a white eye," meaning the person being addressed is blind.
- The White Stripes is a famous band with the members Jack White and Meg White.
- White Snake is also a famous band.
- White is the stage name of a famous producer.

Parapsychology

- It is believed by those adherent to Theosophy, as well as by adherents of religions derived from Theosophy such as the I AM Activity and the Church Universal and Triumphant, that the deity|deities they regard as the governing deities of Earth, the Great White Brotherhood (Ascended masters), have white aura (paranormal)|auras. (That is why they are called the ''Great White Brotherhood''.) Prophet, Elizabeth Clare ''The Great White Brotherhood in the Culture, History and Religion of America'' Summit University Press 1975

Politics

- The White House is the residence of the President of the United States.
- White is often associated with Capitalism (as opposed to Communism). This originated from Royalist rebellions against the French Revolution (see Revolt in the Vendée), known as the White terror. It re-emerged in the years following World War I, with civil wars fought between "Reds" and "Whites", for instance the Russian Civil War|Civil War in Russia and the Civil War in Finland.
- In both the French and Russian Revolutions, white symbolized monarchist|royalism.
- The White Revolution () was a far-reaching series of reforms launched in 1963 by the last Shah of Iran|Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
- The White Rose was a non-violent Widerstand|resistance group in Nazi Germany, consisting of five students from the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich|University of Munich and their philosophy professor.
- The white ribbon is worn by movements denouncing violence against women. It is also worn by some feminists and was a symbol for peace in Quebec, in the beginning of 2003, as part of the popular opposition to war on Iraq.
- When the government of a nation is in chaos and a strong leadership|leader emerges and establishes a dictatorship, he is referred to as a ''man on a white horse''. Examples include Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Francisco Franco, and Juan Peron.

Propaganda

- Whitewash, figuratively, means an attempt to obscure the truth by issuing a blanket of lies. See propaganda. Also, it refers to the action of burying or shoving someone's face into the snow, as a form of bullying, or harassment (generally).

Psychedelic drugs

- Augustus Owsley Stanley III began to manufacture LSD in Los Angeles in 1965 when it was still legal. Owsley's LSD came in 270 microgram tablets of white (''White Lightning'') and purple (''Purple Haze''). Web Discussion about White Lightning and Purple Haze: High Times article , January 1977, by Bruce Eisner

Religion

- The liturgy|liturgical robes of priests from various religions are often white.
- The Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Pope's cassock is white.
- White robes (along with a green apron) are worn inside Temple (Latter Day Saints)|LDS Temples. Whalen, William J. ''The Latter Day Saints in the Modern Day World'' 1962
- In Judaism and Christianity, a white dove is typically a peace symbol.
- White was the symbol of Catholics, including the House of Guise and the Catholic League (French)|Catholic League, during the French Wars of Religion, as illustrated in the 1852 painting ''A Huguenot|A Huguenot on St. Bartholomew's Day'' by John Everett Millais.
- The orisha Obatala in the Ifá tradition is represented by white. Obatala is associated with calmness, morality, old age, and purity.

Romantic love

- White is the traditional color of bride|bridal dress in both western (European) and Wedding#Japanese_wedding_customs|Japanese weddings. In Western weddings, a white dress is thought to be symbolic of purity (the bride has not engaged in pre-marital sex). This is also said to be the symbolism of the veil. In Japanese weddings, white is to symbolize the "death" of their former family and their introduction into their new family.

Sexuality

- In the bandana code of the gay leather subculture, wearing a white bandana means one is into mutual masturbation.

Sound engineering

- White noise, in acoustics, is a sibilant sound that is often a nuisance, although it can also be deliberately created for test purposes.

Sports

- White is the color of the usual cricket clothing, usually referred to as 'whites'. It is a result of cricket being a summer game with players being exposed to direct sunlight for prolonged periods of time.
- In Wimbledon, players always have to wear white as it is a very traditional event. Players will not be allowed to compete if they do not wear white.
- Australian Rules Football umpires' traditional uniform color is white. Nowadays most competitions (including Australian Football League|AFL and Victorian Football League|VFL) provide other colors to ensure the umpires aren't clashing with players uniforms for higher visibility. At lower levels, however white is still the predominant color.
- White was originally the national auto racing color of Japan until international racing colors were abandoned due to sponsorship.
- In baseball and basketball, white is the color typically used for uniforms worn by the home team.
- There is a Major League Baseball team called the Chicago White Sox.

Television

- In Western (genre)|Western TV programs, and Western movies, the "good guy" usually wears a white hat. But in the dramatic series ''Dallas (TV series)|Dallas,'' J. R. Ewing wears a white hat in defiance of this convention, inasmuch as there is nothing "good" about him.

Vexillology

- Vatican City has a Flag of the Vatican City|flag of yellow and white (although in normal European heraldry one is not supposed to use these two colors together because both represent ''metals''--yellow represents Gold (color)|gold and white represents Silver (color)|silver), to show that the Roman Catholic Church|Church, is not bound by Secularism|secular rules. ''Flags'' Compton’s Encyclopedia 1958 edition
- In the ''Ethnic Almanac,'' under the heading of the Irish, it says that on the flag of Ireland the green stands for the Catholics, the orange (colour)|orange for the Protestants, and the white for the Cooperation|unity between them. The ''Almanac'' says about this, "No comment."

References

Related Images

- A white elephant in 19th century Thai art.
- snowy landscape

Sources: StartLearningNow, Wikipedia | Usage license: GNU FDL

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