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Theatre
Theatre (or '''theater''', see American and British English spelling differences#-re, -er|spelling differences) is the branch of the performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one or more actor|persons, isolated in time and/or Theater (structure)|space, present themselves to Audience|another or others."[Bernard Beckerman, head of Hofstra University's department of drama, in his book, ''Dynamics of Drama''] By this broad definition, theatre has existed since the dawn of man, as a result of human tendency for story telling. Since its inception, theatre has come to take on many forms, often utilizing elements such as speech, gesture, music, dance, and spectacle, combining the other performing arts, often as well as the visual arts, into a single artistic form.
The word derives from the Ancient Greek ''theatron'' (''θέατρον''), meaning "the seeing place".
History
The earliest recorded theatrical event dates back to 2000 BC with the passion plays of Ancient Egypt. This story of the god Osiris was performed annually at festivals throughout the civilization, marking the known beginning of a long relationship between theatre and religion.
The ancient Greeks began formalizing theatre as an art, developing strict definitions of tragedy and comedy as well as other forms, including satyr plays. Like the passion plays of ancient Egypt, Greek plays made use of mythological characters. The Greeks also developed the concepts of dramatic criticism, acting as a career, and theatre architecture.
Western theatre continued to develop under the Roman Empire, in Britain in the Middle Ages|medieval England, and continued to thrive, taking on many alternate forms in Spain, Italy, France, and Russia in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The general trend over the centuries was away from the poetic drama of the Greeks and the Renaissance and toward a more realistic style, especially following the Industrial Revolution. A uniquely American theatre developed along with the colonization of North America.
The history of Eastern theatre is traced back to 1000 BC with the Sanskrit drama of ancient Indian theatre. Chinese theatre also dates back to around the same time. Japanese forms of Kabuki, Noh, and Kyogen date back to the 17th century. Other Eastern forms were developed throughout China, Korea, and Southeast Asia.
The most popular forms of theater in the Islamic Golden Age|medieval Islamic world were puppet theatre (which included hand puppets, shadow plays and marionette productions) and live passion plays known as ''ta'ziya'', where actors re-enact episodes from Muslim history. In particular, Shia Islamic Play (theatre)|plays revolved around the ''shaheed'' (martyrdom) of Ali's sons Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali. Live secular plays were known as ''akhraja'', recorded in medieval ''Adab (behavior)|adab'' literature, though they were less common than puppetry and ''ta'ziya'' theater.Technical theatre
The most recognisable figures in theatre are the Theatre director|directors, playwrights, and actors, but theatre is a highly collaborative endeavour. Plays are usually produced by a production team that commonly includes a set designer|scenic or set designer, lighting designer, costume designer, sound designer, Stage management|stage manager, props mistress or props master and production manager. Depending on the production, this team may also include a dramaturg, video designer or fight director. The artistic staff is assisted by technical theatre personnel who handle creation and execution of the production.
Types
Drama
Drama (literally translated as ''action,'' from a verbal root meaning "To do") is the branch of theatre in which speech, either from written text (Play (theatre)|plays), or improvisation|improvised is paramount. And the companion word ''drama'' is also Greek, ''dran'' meaning ''to do''. Classical forms of drama, including Greek and Roman drama, classic English drama including William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe and French drama including Molière is still performed today.
Musical theatre
Music and theatre have always had a close relationship. Musical theatre is a form of theatre combining music, songs, dance routines, and spoken dialogue. Modern musical theatre emerged from the variety shows and "follies" of the early 20th century and includes a combination of dialogue, song and dance, and spectacle. Broadway musicals of the 21st century include lavish costumes and sets supported by million dollar budgets.
Comedy
Certain theatre productions qualify as comedies, such as Boeing Boeing or As You Like It. Stand-up comedy is also a form of theatre.
Theatrical Philosophy
There are a variety of philosophies, artistic processes, and theatrical approaches to creating plays and drama. Some are connected to political or spiritual ideologies, and some are based on purely "artistic" concerns. Some processes focus on a story, some on theatre as event, and some on theatre as catalyst for social change. According to Aristotle's seminal theatrical critique ''Poetics (Aristotle)|Poetics'', there are six elements necessary for theatre: Plot, Character, Idea, Language, Music, and Spectacle. The 17th century Spanish writer Lope de Vega wrote that for theatre one needs "three boards, two actors, and one passion". Others notable for their contribution to theatrical philosophy are Konstantin Stanislavski, Antonin Artaud, Bertolt Brecht, Orson Welles, Peter Brook, and Jerzy Grotowski.
Some theatre theorists argue that actors should study all of the commonly-taught acting methods to perfect their craft (though many others disagree), such as the Meisner technique|Meisner, Stanislavsky System|Stanislavsky, Method acting|Strasberg, and Presentational acting|Hagen acting methods. However, the majority of modern western theatre is derived from Stanislavski's "system" in one form or another.
Theatre Organization and Administration
There are many modern theatre movements which go about producing theatre in a variety of ways.
Amateur v. Professional
Theatres run the gamut from amateur to professional. In community theatres, as well as in educational theatre, actors are typically not paid. Fringe theatre productions are typically paid, but minimally so. Broadway productions are known for their large budgets. The spectrum of amateur to professional is as follows:
- Community theatre
- Educational theatre
- Dinner theatre
- Fringe theatre
- Summer stock theatre
- Regional theatre
- Off-Off-Broadway
- Off-Broadway and Off West End
- Broadway theatre and West End theatre
Repertory Companies
While most modern theatre companies rehearse one piece of theatre at a time, perform that piece for a set "run", retire the piece, and begin rehearsing a new show, repertory companies rehearse multiple shows at one time. These companies are able to perform these various pieces upon request and often perform works for years before retiring them. Most dance companies operate on this repertory system.
Producing v. Presenting
In order to put on a piece of theatre, both a theatre company and a theatre (structure)|theatre venue are needed. When a theatre company is the sole company in residence at a theatre venue, this theatre (and its corresponding theatre company) are called a '''resident theatre''' or a '''producing theatre''', because the venue produces its own work. Other theatre companies, as well as dance companies, do not have their own theatre venue. These companies will therefore either perform at '''rental theatres''' or at '''presenting theatres'''. Both rental and presenting theatres have no full time resident companies. They do, however, sometimes have one (or multiple) part time resident companies, in addition to other independent partner companies who arrange to use the space when available. A rental theatre allows the independent companies to seek out the space, while a presenting theatre seeks out the independent companies to support their work by presenting them on their stage.
Found Theatre is an exception to this rule, putting on pieces of theatre without a theatre venue. These performances can take place outside or inside, in a non-traditional performance space, and include street theatre, and site specific theatre.
A touring theatre|touring company is an independent theatre or dance company that travels, often internationally, being presented at a different theatre in each city.
Unions
There are many theatre unions including Actors Equity Association (for actors and stage managers), the Society of Stage Directors and Choreographers (SSDC), and the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE, for designers and technicians). Many theatres require that their staff be members of these organizations.
Notable theatre festivals
- Blyth Festival - Blyth, Ontario, Canada.
- Curitiba Theatre Festival - Brazil.
- Edinburgh International Festival.
- Festival Iberoamericano de Teatro de Bogotá.
- Festival Internacional de Artistas de Rua da Bahia - Brazil. (Street artists).
- Galway Arts Festival (Galway Ireland).
- Golden Mask Festival (Russia).
- Magnetic North Theatre Festival (Canada).
- Natyanjali Classical Indian musical theatre festival in the Hindu temples of South India.
- Oregon Shakespeare Festival - Ashland, Oregon.
- Pacific Playwrights Festival at South Coast Repertory (Costa Mesa, California).
- Project06 (Galway Ireland).
- Stockton International Riverside Festival - Stockton-on-tees, England
- Shaw Festival - Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada.
- Stratford Shakespeare Festival - Stratford, Ontario|Stratford, Ontario, Canada.
- Williamstown Theatre Festival - Williamstown, Massachusetts
- Festival Internacional de Teatro Ciudad de Manizales - Manizales, Caldas|Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
- The Shakespeare Theatre of New Jersey - Madison, New Jersey
Awards in theatre
- Back Stage West Garland Awards (USA)
- Drama Desk Award (United States|USA)
- Dora Award (Canada)
- Elliot Norton Awards (Boston|Boston, MA, USA)
- European Theatre Award (Europe)
- Evening Standard Awards (United Kingdom)
- Golden Mask Award (Russia)
- Green Room Award (Australia)
- Hans-Reinhart-Ring (Switzerland)
- Hedda award (Norway)
- Helpmann Award (Australia)
- Jessie Award (Canada)
- Joseph Jefferson Award (USA)
- Laurence Olivier Awards (United Kingdom)
- London Critics' Circle Theatre Awards (United Kingdom)
- Lucille Lortel Award (USA)
- Manchester Evening News Annual Drama Awards (United Kingdom)
- Masks (award)|Masks (Quebec, Canada)
- Matilda Award (Australia)
- Molière Award (France)
- Musical Awards Gala (Netherlands)
- Naledi Theatre Awards (South Africa)
- New York Innovative Theatre Awards (USA)
- Obie Award (USA)
- Ovation Awards (USA)
- Sangeet Natak Akademi|Sangeet Natak Academy Award (India)
- Sterling Award (Canada)
- Theatre Pasta Theatre Awards (USA)Official Website
- Tony Award (USA)
See also
- Culinary theatre
- List of playwrights
- List of theatre directors
- List of theatre personnel|Jobs in theater
- Movie theater|Movie theatre
- Reader's theatre
- Theatre consultant
- Theatre for development
- Theater (structure)
- Theatre technique
- Theory#List of notable theories|Theatre theory
- Theatrical style
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References
External links
- New York Times Theater section Theater reviews.
- Theatre Archive Project (UK) British Library & University of Sheffield.
- Theatre Wikia - An editable database dedicated to all aspects of theatre.
- University of Bristol Theatre Collection
- The Ancient Theatre Archive, Greek and Roman theatre architecture - Dr. Thomas G. Hines, Department of Theatre, Whitman College
Category:Theatre|
Category:Stage terminology
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