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Order of St Michael and St George

The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George is a British order of chivalry founded on 28 April 1818 by George IV of the United Kingdom|George, Prince Regent (later George IV) whilst he was acting as Prince Regent for his father, George III of the United Kingdom|George III. It is named in honour of two military saints, St. Michael and St. George. The Order includes three classes, in descending order of seniority:
- '''Knight Grand Cross''' or '''Dame Grand Cross''' (:Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG)
- '''Knight Commander''' (:Category:Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George|KCMG) ''or'' '''Dame Commander''' (:Category:Dames Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George|DCMG)
- '''Companion''' (:Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George|CMG) It is used to honour individuals who have rendered important services in relation to Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth or foreign nations. People are appointed to the Order rather than awarded it. British Ambassadors to foreign nations are regularly appointed KCMGs CMGs, for example, the British Ambassador to the United States of America|United States Sir David Manning was appointed a CMG when he worked for the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), and then after his appointment as British Ambassador to the US, he was promoted to a Knight Commander (KCMG); a practice that still occurs is when Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|The Queen visits the nation, the British Ambassador to that nation automatically becomes a Knight Commander of the Order, and then after may use the prefix 'Sir'. It is the traditional award for members of the FCO. Ian Fleming's spy, James Bond, was fictionally decorated with the CMG in 1953 (mentioned in the novel From Russia with Love). He was later granted the KCMG in The Man with the Golden Gun (novel)|The Man with the Golden Gun. The Order's motto is ''Auspicium melioris ævi'' (Latin for "Token of a better age"). Its patron saints, as the name suggests, are Michael (archangel)|St Michael the Archangel and Saint George|St George. One of its primary symbols is that of St Michael trampling over Satan. The Order is the sixth-most senior in the British honours system, after Order of the Garter|The Most Noble Order of the Garter, which is the pinnacle of the British honours system, Order of the Thistle|The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, Order of St Patrick|The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick, Order of the Bath|The Most Honourable Order of the Bath, and Order of the Star of India|The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India. The third of the aforementioned Orders—which relates to Ireland, no longer a part of the United Kingdom—still exists but is in disuse; no appointments have been made to it since 1934. The last of the Orders on the list, related to India, has also been in disuse since that country's independence in 1947.

History

The Order was founded to commemorate the British amical protectorate over the Ionian Islands, which had come under British control in 1814 and had been granted its own constitution as the United States of the Ionian Islands in 1817. It was intended to reward "natives of the Ionian Islands and of the island of Malta and its dependencies, and for such other subjects of His Majesty as may hold high and confidential situations in the Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean." In 1864, however, the protectorate ended and the Ionian Islands became a part of Greece. The Order's basis was revised in 1868; membership was granted to those who "hold high and confidential offices within Her Majesty's colonial possessions, and in reward for services rendered to the Crown in relation to the foreign affairs of the Empire." Accordingly, numerous Governor-General|Governors-General and Governors feature as recipients of awards in the order.

Composition

The British monarchy|British Sovereign is the Sovereign of the Order and appoints all other members of the Order (by convention, on the advice of the Government). The next-most senior member is the Grand Master. The office was formerly filled by the Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands; now, however, Grand Masters are chosen by the Sovereign. Grand Masters include:
- 1818–1825: Thomas Maitland (British Army officer)|Sir Thomas Maitland
- 1825–1850: Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge|HRH The Duke of Cambridge
- 1850–1904: Prince George, Duke of Cambridge|HRH The Duke of Cambridge
- 1904–1910: George V of the United Kingdom|HRH The Prince of Wales
- 1910–1917: None
- 1917–1936: Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|HRH The Prince of Wales
- 1936–1957: Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone|The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Athlone
- 1957–1959: E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Halifax
- 1959–1967: Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Rt. Hon. The Earl Alexander of Tunis
- 1967–present: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent|HRH The Duke of Kent The Order originally included 15 Knights Grand Cross, 20 Knights Commanders and 25 Companions. Several expansions have been made; now, the limits are 125, 375 and 1750, respectively. Members of the Royal Family who are appointed to the Order do not count towards the limit; neither do foreigners appointed as "honorary members". The Order has six officers: the Prelate (as of 2006 the Rt Revd David Urquhart (bishop)| David Urquhart), the Chancellor, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms of the Order of St Michael and St George|King of Arms and the Gentleman Usher|Usher. The Order's King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, like many other heraldry|heraldic officers. The Usher of the Order is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Blue Rod; he does not, unlike his Order of the Garter equivalent (the Black Rod|Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod), perform any duties related to the House of Lords.

Vestments and accoutrements

Members of the Order wear elaborate costumes on important occasions (such as coronation of the British monarch|coronations), which vary by rank:
- The ''mantle'', worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross, is made of Saxon blue satin lined with crimson silk. On the left side is a representation of the star (see below). The mantle is bound with two large tassels.
- The ''collar'', worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross, is made of gold. It consists of depictions of crowned lions, Maltese Crosses, and the cyphers "SM" and "SG", all alternately. In the centre are two winged lions, each holding a book and seven arrows. At less important occasions, simpler insignia are used:
- The ''star'' is an insignia used only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commanders. It is worn pinned to the left breast. The Knight and Dame Grand Cross' star includes seven-armed, silver-rayed 'Maltese Asterisk' (for want of a better description—see image of badge), with a gold ray in between each pair of arms. The Knight and Dame Commander's star is a slightly smaller eight-pointed silver figure formed by two Maltese Cross (symbol)|Maltese Crosses; it does not include any gold rays. In each case, the star bears a red cross of St George. In the centre of the star is a dark blue ring bearing the motto of the Order. Within the ring is a representation of St Michael trampling on Satan.
- The ''badge'' is the only insignia used by all members of the Order; it is suspended on a blue-crimson-blue ribbon. Knights and Dames Grand Cross wear it on a riband or sash, passing from the right shoulder to the left hip. Knights Commanders and male Companions wear the badge from a ribbon around the neck; Dames Commanders and female Companions wear it from a bow on the left shoulder. The badge is a seven-armed, white-enamelled 'Maltese Asterisk' (see Maltese Cross (symbol)|Maltese Cross); the obverse shows St Michael trampling on Satan, while the reverse shows St George on horseback killing a dragon, both within a dark blue ring bearing the motto of the Order. On certain "collar days" designated by the Sovereign, members attending formal events may wear the Order's collar over their military uniform or evening wear. When collars are worn (either on collar days or on formal occasions such as coronations), the badge is suspended from the collar. All collars which have been awarded since 1948 must be returned to the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood. The other insignia may be retained.

Chapel

The original home of the Order was the Palace of St Michael and St George in Corfu, the residence of the Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands and the seat of the Ionian Senate. Since 1906, the Order's chapel has been in St Paul's Cathedral in London. (The Cathedral also serves as the home of the chapel of Order of the British Empire|The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire.) Religious services for the whole Order are held quadrennially; new Knights and Dames Grand Cross are installed at these services. The Sovereign and the Knights and Dames Grand Cross are allotted stalls in the choir of the chapel, above which their heraldic devices are displayed. Perched on the pinnacle of a knight's stall is his helm, decorated with a mantling and topped by his crest. Under English heraldic law, women other than monarchs do not bear helms or crests; instead, the coronet appropriate to the dame's rank, if there is one, is used (see coronet). Above the crest or coronet, the stall's occupant's heraldic banner is hung, emblazoned with his or her coat of arms. At a considerably smaller scale, to the back of the stall is affixed a piece of brass (a "stall plate") displaying its occupant's name, arms and date of admission into the Order. Upon the death of a Knight, the banner, helm, mantling and crest are taken down. The stall plates, however, are not removed; rather, they remain permanently affixed somewhere about the stall, so that the stalls of the chapel are festooned with a colourful record of the Order's Knights and Dames Grand Cross since 1906.

Precedence and privileges

Members of the Order of St Michael are assigned positions in the order of precedence. Wives of male members also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commanders; relatives of female members, however, are not assigned any special precedence. (As a general rule, individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands, but not from their mothers or wives.) (See order of precedence in England and Wales for the exact positions.) Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commanders prefix "Sir", and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commanders prefix "Dame", to their forenames. Wives of Knights may prefix "Lady" to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when the names of the former are written out in their fullest forms. Furthermore, honorary members and clergymen do not receive the accolade or adopt the title. Knights and Dames Grand Cross use the post-nominal letters| post-nominal "GCMG"; Knights Commanders and Dames Commanders use "KCMG" and "DCMG" respectively; Companions use "CMG". Knights and Dames Grand Cross are also entitled to receive heraldic supporters. They may, furthermore, encircle their arms with a depiction of the circlet (a circle bearing the motto) and the collar; the former is shown either outside or on top of the latter. Knights and Dames Commanders and Companions may display the circlet, but not the collar, surrounding their arms. The badge is depicted suspended from the collar or circlet.

Popular references

In the satirical British television programme Yes Minister, Jim Hacker MP is told by his Private Secretary Bernard Woolley what the various post-nominal letters|post-nominals stand for. In the James Bond book, The Man with the Golden Gun, by Ian Fleming, James Bond is offered KCMG but refuses it as he does not wish to become a public figure.

Current Knights and Dames Grand Cross

- '''Sovereign''': Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Her Majesty The Queen
- '''Grand Master''': Prince Edward, Duke of Kent|His Royal Highness The Duke of Kent, Order of the Garter|KG, GCMG, Royal Victorian Order|GCVO (1967)

Knights and Dames Grand Cross

Officers

- Prelate: David Urquhart (bishop)|Rt Revd David Urquhart (Bishop of Birmingham)
- Chancellor: Christopher Mallaby|Sir Christopher Mallaby
- Secretary:
- Registrar: David Wilson, Baron Wilson of Tillyorn|The Lord Wilson of Tillyorn
- King of Arms: Ewen Fergusson|Sir Ewen Fergusson (King of Arms of the Order of St Michael and St George)
- Usher: Anthony Figgis|Sir Anthony Figgis KCVO, CMG (Gentleman Usher of the Blue Rod)

Honorary Appointments

- Lee Kwan Yew, hon GCMG, Companion of Honour|CH (1972)
- Chandrika Prasad Srivastava, hon KCMG (1990)
- Ong Teng Cheong, hon GCMG (1998)http://www.lib.nus.edu.sg/nusbiodata/bioongtc.htm
- Anson Chan, Hong Kong honours system|GBM, hon GCMG, Order of the British Empire|CBE, justice of the peace|JP (2002)http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDP/is_2002_Nov_11/ai_94330283
- Kofi Annan, hon GCMG (2007)http://www.guardian.co.uk/uklatest/story/0,,-7020849,00.html
- Maumoon Abdul Gayyoom, hon GCMG (2008)
- Shimon Peres, hon GCMG (2008)http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3626287,00.html

Select former recipients

- Matsukata Masayoshi, GCMG (1835–1924)
- Sir John Henry Birchenough, GCMG (1853–1937)
- Katō Takaaki, (1860–1926)
- Sir George Bailey Sansom, KCMG (1883–1965)
- Sir Ernest Mason Satow, GCMG (1843–1929)
- Lieutenant General Sir Adrian Carton De Wiart CMG (1880–1963) si
- The Hon Lionel Cripps (1863–1950)
- Menelik II of Ethiopia, GCMG (1844–1913)