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Learn more about "Coextinction"
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Coextinction'''Coextinction''' of a species is the loss of one species upon the extinction of another. The term was originally used in the context of the extinction of parasite|parasitic insects following the loss of their specific hosts. The term is now used to describe the subsequent loss of any biological interaction|interacting species, including predators with their prey, and specialist herbivores with their food source.
The most often cited examples are that of the extinct passenger pigeon and its parasitic Bird louse|bird lice ''Columbicola extinctus'' and ''Campanulotes defectus''. Recently, ''C. extinctus'' was rediscovered on the Band-tailed Pigeon|band-tailed pigeon,[Clayton, D. H., and R. D. Price. 1999. Taxonomy of New World Columbicola (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from the Columbiformes (Aves), with descriptions of five new species. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 92:675–685.] and ''C. defectus'' was found to be a likely case of misidentification of the existing ''Campanulotes flavus''.[Price, R.D., D. H. Clayton, R. J. Adams, J. (2000) Pigeon lice down under: Taxonomy of Australian Campanulotes (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae), with a description of C. durdeni n.sp. Parasitol. 86(5), p 948-950. American Society of Parasitologists. Online pdf] However, even though the passenger pigeon lice story has a happy ending (i.e. rediscovery), coextinctions of other parasites, even on the passenger pigeon, may have occurred. Several louse species - such as ''Rallicola extinctus'', a huia parasite - probably became extinct together with its hosts (Mey, 1990).
In a 2004 paper in ''Science (journal)|Science'', ecology|ecologist Lian Pin Koh and colleagues discuss coextinction, stating
"Species coextinction is a manifestation of the interconnectedness of organisms in complex ecosystems. The loss of species through coextinction represents the loss of irreplaceable evolutionary and coevolutionary history. In view of the global extinction crisis, it is imperative that coextinction be the focus of future research to understand the intricate processes of species extinctions. While coextinction may not be the most important cause of species extinctions, it is certainly an insidious one." (Koh ''et al.'' 2004)
Koh ''et al.'' also define '''coendangered''' as taxa
"likely to go extinct if their currently endangered hosts ... become extinct."
One example is the near extinction of the genus ''Hibiscadelphus'' as a consequence of the disappearance of several of Hawaiian honeycreepers, its pollinators. There are several instances of predators and scavengers dying out following the disappearance of species which represented their source of food: for example, the coextinction of the Haast's Eagle with the moa.
Coextinction may also occur on a local level: for example, the decline in the red ant ''Myrmica sabuleti'' in southern England, caused by habitat loss, resulted in the local extinction of the Large Blue butterfly, which is dependent on the ant as a host for the larvae. In this case the ant avoided local extinction, and the butterfly has been reintroduced.
See also
- Dodo and Tambalacoque, for a supposed case of near-coextinction that turned out to be much more complex
References
Further reading
- '''Koh''', Lian Pin; Dunn, Robert R.; Sodhi, Navjot S.; Colwell, Robert K.; Proctor, Heather C. & Smith, Vincent S. (2004): Species Coextinctions and the Biodiversity Crisis. ''Science (journal)|Science'' '''305'''(5690): 1632-1634 (HTML abstract) Supporting Online Material
- '''Mey''', E. (1990): Eine neue ausgestorbene Vogel-Ischnozere von Neuseeland, ''Huiacola extinctus'' (Insecta, Phthiraptera). ''Zoologischer Anzeiger'' '''224'''(1/2): 49-73. with English abstract PDF fulltext
External links
- The Extinction Website
Category:Ecology
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