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1878
Year '''1878''' ('''Roman numerals|MDCCCLXXVIII''') was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar).
Events of 1878
January - March
- January - ''Cleopatra's Needle'' arrives in London.
- January 9 - Humbert I of Italy|Humbert I becomes House of Savoy|King of Italy.
- January 5 - Battle of Shipka Pass IV: Russian and Bulgarian forces defeat the Ottoman Empire.
- January 17 - Battle of Plovdiv: Russian troops defeat the Ottoman Empire|Turks.
- January 23 - Benjamin Disraeli orders the British fleet to the Dardanelles.
- January 24 - The revolutionary Vera Zasulich shoots at Fyodor Trepov, the Governor of Saint Petersburg.
- January 28 - ''The Yale News'' becomes the first daily college newspaper in the United States.
- January 31 - Turkey agrees to an armistice at Adrianople.
- February 2 - Greece declares war on Turkey.
- February 8 - The British fleet enters Turkish waters and anchors off Istanbul; Russia threatens to occupy Istanbul but does not carry out the threat.
- February 18 - The Lincoln County War begins in Lincoln County, New Mexico.
- February 19 - The phonograph is patented by Thomas Edison.
- February 20 - Pope Leo XIII succeeds Pope Pius IX as the 256th pope.
- February 24 - Anti-Russian demonstrations occur in Hyde Park, London.
- February 28 - Mississippi State University is created by the Mississippi Legislature (under the name The Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State of Mississippi).
- March 3
- Bulgaria regains its independence from the Ottoman Empire.
- The Treaty of San Stefano concludes the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878|Russo-Turkish War
- March 24 - The United Kingdom|UK frigate ''Eurydice'' sinks, killing 300.
- March 25 - Russia rejects a British proposal to lay the San Stefano treaty before a European congress.
- March 27 - In anticipation of war with Russia, Disraeli mobilizes the reserves and calls up Indian troops to Malta.
April - June
- April 20 - The Stawell Gift is run for the first time.
- May 15 - The Tokyo Stock Exchange is established
- June 4 - Cyprus Convention: The Ottoman Empire cedes Cyprus to the United Kingdom but retains the nominal title.
- June 10 - The League of Prizren is established.
- June 12 - July 12 - The Congress of Berlin convenes to discuss the Ottoman Empire.
- June 22 - Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld leaves Karlskrona on a voyage that will make him the first to navigate the Northern Sea Route, a shipping lane from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean along the Siberian coast.
July - September
- July 13 - The Treaty of Berlin, 1878|Treaty of Berlin makes Serbia, Montenegro and Romania completely independent.
- July 26 - In California, the poet and American West outlaw calling himself "Charles Bolles|Black Bart" makes his last clean getaway when he steals a safe box from a Wells Fargo stagecoach. The empty box is found later with a taunting poem inside.
- August 9 - The Wallingford Tornado of 1878, the deadliest tornado in Connecticut history, destroys the town of Wallingford, Connecticut|Wallingford, killing 34 people and injuring 70 or more.
- September 3 - Over 640 die when the crowded pleasure boat collides with the ''Bywell Castle'' in the River Thames.
- September 20 - ''The Hindu'', an Indian newspaper, is founded.
- September 30 - The ship ''Priscilla'' arrives in Hawaii from Funchal, Madeira, marking the beginning of the Portuguese people|Portuguese immigration to the Hawaiian Islands (1878-1913).
October - December
- October 1 - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) opens as Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College.
- October 14 - The world's first recorded floodlit football fixture is played at Bramall Lane in Sheffield.
- October 17 - John A. Macdonald returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada.
- November 17 - The first assassination attempt is made against Umberto I of Italy.
- November 21 - The Second Afghan War commences when the British attack Ali Masjid in the Khyber Pass.
Undated
- Yellow fever in Mississippi Valley kills over 13,000.
- U.S. arbitration rejects Argentina|Argentine claims to Paraguay's part of the Gran Chaco|Chaco region.
- Otto von Bismarck abandons his ''Kulturkampf''.
- Otto von Bismarck forces through legislation outlawing the Social Democrats.
Foundations:
- The Buchan School, Isle of Man
- Newton Heath Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Football Club, the team that would become Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United
- Everton FC|Everton Football Club, then known as St Domingo
- Grimsby Town FC then known as Grimsby Pelham
- Geiger (Corporation) initially known as Geiger Brothers.
- The West Bromwich Albion F.C. plays their first match.
Births
January - June
- January 6 - Carl Sandburg, American poet and historian (d. 1967)
- January 12 - Ferenc Molnar|Ferenc Molnár, author (d. 1952)
- January 25 - Ernst Alexanderson, Swedish-born television pioneer (d. 1975)
- February 1 - Milan Hodža, Slovak politician, champion of regional integration in Europe (d. 1944)
- February 2 - Alfréd Hajós, Hungarian swimmer and architect (d. 1955)
- February 5 - André Citroën, French automobile manufacturer (d. 1935)
- February 8 - Martin Buber, Austrian philosopher (d. 1965)
- February 14 - Hirota Koki, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1948)
- February 21 - The Mother (Mirra Alfassa), multi-origined spiritual leader and founder of Auroville in India (d. 1973)
- February 26 - Emmy Destinn, Czech soprano (d. 1930)
- February 28 - Pierre Fatou, France|French mathematician (d. 1929)
- March 4
- Egbert Van Alstyne, United States songwriter and pianist (d. 1951)
- Peter D. Ouspensky, Russian philosopher (d. 1947)
- Arishima Takeo, Japanese novelist, short-story writer and essayist (d. 1923)
- March 16 - Clemens August Graf von Galen, German Catholic cardinal (d. 1946)
- March 22 - Michel Théato, Luxembourg athlete (d. 1919)
- March 31 - Jack Johnson (boxer)|Jack Johnson, American boxer (d. 1946)
- April 6 - Erich Mühsam, German author (d. 1934)
- April 24 - Jean Crotti, Swiss artist (d. 1958)
- April 28
- Lionel Barrymore, American actor (d. 1954)
- Willem Mengelberg, Dutch conductor (d. 1951)
- May 3 - Cruz Hernandez, unverified claimant to be world's oldest person (d. 2007)
- May 10 - Gustav Stresemann, Chancellor of Germany, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1929)
- May 25 - Bill Robinson, African American tap dancer (d. 1949)
- May 26 - Isadora Duncan, American dancer (d. 1927)
- May 28 - Paul Pelliot, French sinologist (d. 1945)
- June 1 - John Masefield, English poet and novelist (d. 1967)
- June 3 - Barney Oldfield, American automobile racer and pioneer (d. 1946)
- June 5 - Pancho Villa, Mexican revolutionary (d. 1923)
July - December
- July 4 - George M. Cohan, American singer, dancer, composer, actor, and writer (d. 1942)
- July 24 - Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron Dunsany|Edward Plunkett, Baron Dunsany, Irish author (d. 1957)
- August 10 - Alfred Döblin, German writer (d. 1957)
- August 28 - George Whipple, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1976)
- August 31 - Frank Jarvis, American athlete (d. 1933)
- September 5 - Robert von Lieben, Austrian physicist (d. 1913)
- September 13 - Matilde Moisant, American pilot (d. 1964)
- September 20 - Upton Sinclair, American writer (d. 1968)
- September 22 - Yoshida Shigeru, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1967)
- September 24 - Charles Ferdinand Ramuz|C. F. Ramuz, Swiss writer (d. 1947)
- October 1 - Othmar Spann, Austrian philosopher and economist (d. 1950)
- October 16 - Maxey Long, American athlete (d. 1959)
- November 1 - Carlos Saavedra Lamas, Argentine politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1959)
- November 14 - Leopold Staff, Polish poet (d. 1957)
- Julie Manet, French painter (d. 1966)
- November 17 - Grace Abbott, American social worker and activist (d. 1939)
- December 18 - Joseph Stalin, Soviet leader (d. 1953)
- December 25
- Louis Chevrolet, Swiss-born race driver and automobile builder (d. 1941)
- Joseph Schenck, Russian-born film executive (d. 1961)
- December 28 - Nikolai Bryukhanov, Soviet statesman and political figure who served as People's Commissar of Finances (d. 1938)
- December 31 - Elizabeth Arden, Canadian-born beautician and cosmetics entrepreneur (d. 1966)
- December 31 - Horacio Quiroga, Argentinian writer (d. 1937)
Deaths
January - June
- January 8 - Nikolay Nekrasov, Russian poet (b. 1821)
- January 9 - King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (b. 1820)
- January 18 - Antoine César Becquerel, French scientist (b. 1788)
- February 7 - Pope Pius IX (b. 1792)
- February 11 - Gideon Welles, American politician (b. 1802)
- February 19 - Charles-Francois Daubigny, French painter (b. 1817)
- February 26 - Angelo Secchi, Italian astronomer (b. 1818)
- March 8 - Archduke Franz Karl of Austria (b. 1802)
- April 8 - Henrietta Treffz, soprano, first wife of Johann Strauss II (b. 1818)
- April 12 - William Marcy Tweed, American politician (b. 1823)
- April 25 - Anna Sewell, English author (b. 1820)
- May 28 - John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1792)
- June 6
- Robert Stirling, Scottish clergyman and inventor (b. 1790)
- Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers, Marshal of France (b. 1795)
- Porter Rockwell, Mormon bodyguard (b. 1815)
- June 12
- George V of Hanover (b. 1819)
- Hendrik Jut, Dutch murderer (b. 1851)
July - December
- July 1 - Catherine Winkworth, English translator of hymns (b. 1827)
- July 17 - Aleardo Aleardi, Italian poet (b. 1812)
- July 23 - Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky, Bohemian pathologist, philosopher and politician (b. 1804)
- August 30 - James Geiss, English businessman (b. 1820)
- November 20 - William Thomas (Islwyn), Welsh poet (b. 1832)
- November 28 - Orson Hyde, American religious leader (b. 1805)
- December 10 - Henry Wells, American businessman (b. 1805)
- December 14 - Princess Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine (b. 1843)
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