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1869
Year '''1869''' ('''Roman numerals|MDCCCLXIX''') is a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar).
Events of 1869
January - March
- January 1 - Sigma Nu, the first anti-hazing Honor/Social Fraternity, is founded.
- January 20 - Elizabeth Cady Stanton is the first woman to testify before the United States Congress.
- January 21 - The P.E.O. Sisterhood,a philanthropic educational organization for women, is founded at Iowa Wesleyan College in Mount Pleasant, Iowa.
- February 20 - Ranavalona II, the Merina Queen of Madagascar, is baptized.
- March 1 - North German Confederation issues 10groschen|gr and 30gr value stamps, printed on goldbeater's skin.
- March 4 - Ulysses S. Grant succeeds Andrew Johnson as the 18th President of the United States of America.
- March 6 - Mendeleev makes a formal presentation to the Russia|Russian Chemical Society.
April - June
- April 6 - The American Museum of Natural History is founded in New York.
- May 4-May 10|10 - Naval Battle of Hakodate in Korea: The Imperial Japanese Navy defeats the Tokugawa shogunate.
- May 6 - Purdue University is founded in West Lafayette, Indiana.
- May 10 - The First Transcontinental Railroad (North America)|Transcontinental Railroad is completed in Promontory, Utah.
- May 15 - Woman's suffrage: In New York, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton form the National Woman's Suffrage Association.
- May 26 - Boston University is chartered by the Massachusetts|Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
- May 29 - The British Parliament passes the Capital Punishment within Prisons Bill, thus ending public hanging.
- June 1 - The Cincinnati Red Stockings open the baseball season as the first fully professional baseball team.
- June 2 - Sherwood College is founded in Nainital, India.
- June 15 - John Wesley Hyatt patents the first plastic, Celluloid, in Albany, New York.
- June 18 - The first Estonian Song Festival takes place in Tartu.
July - September
- July 4 - The University of Bucharest is founded.
- August 9 - August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht found the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP).
- August 31 - Irish scientist Mary Ward (scientist)|Mary Ward is killed in a car accident, possibly the first person ever to suffer this fate.
- September 5 - The foundation stone is laid for Neuschwanstein|Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavaria (southern Germany).
- September 11 - Work on the Wallace Monument is completed in Stirling, Scotland.
- September 24- The Fisk-Gould Scandal (also known as Black Friday (1869)|Black Friday) causes a financial panic in the United States.
October - December
- October 16 - England's first residential college for women, Girton College, is founded.
- November 4 - The first issue of the scientific journal ''Nature (journal)|Nature'' is published.
- November 6 - The first game of American Football between two American colleges is played. Rutgers University defeats Princeton University 6-4 in a forerunner to American football and College football.
- November 17 - In Egypt, the Suez Canal, linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea, is inaugurated in an elaborate ceremony.
- November 23 - In Dumbarton, Scotland the last surviving clipper ship, ''Cutty Sark'', is launched.
- December 1 - The official transfer of Rupert's Land from the Hudson's Bay Company to the Dominion of Canada is executed.
- December 10 - The first American chapter of Kappa Sigma is founded at the University of Virginia.
- December 31 - War of the Triple Alliance|Triple Alliance forces take Asunción.
Undated
- Basutoland becomes a British protectorate.
- The British Parliament ends Penal transportation|transportation to Australia as punishment for criminals.
- Mahbub Ali Khan, Asif Jah VI|Mahbub Ali Pasha begins a 42-year reign as the Nizam of Hyderabad.
- James Gordon Bennett, Jr. of the New York Herald asks Henry Morton Stanley to find David Livingstone|Dr. Livingstone.
- The Meiji Emperor of Japan accepts the surrender of the four most powerful clans--(Chōshū Domain|Chōshū, Tosa Province|Tosa, Hizen Province|Hizen, and Satsuma Province|Satsuma)--and reappoints the clan chiefs as Provincial Governors on reduced revenues.
- Abdur Rahman Khan is exiled from Afghanistan.
- Southern Illinois University, Carbondale is founded.
- The co-operative Central Board (later Co-operatives UK) is founded in Manchester.
- The Glasgow University Rugby Football Club (GURFC) is founded.
- The opposition, consisting of republicans, monarchists and liberals, polls almost 45% of the vote in France.
Births
January - June
- January 4 - Tommy Corcoran, American baseball player (d. 1960)
- January 10 - Grigori Rasputin, Russian mystic (d. 1916)
- January 15 - Stanislaw Wyspianski|Stanisław Wyspiański, Polish dramatist, poet, painter, and architect (d. 1907)
- February 11 - Helene Kroller-Muller, Dutch museum founder and patron of the arts (d. 1939)
- February 14 - Charles Wilson (physicist)|Charles Wilson, Scottish physicist and Nobel Prize|Nobel laureate (d. 1959)
- February 26 - Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya, Russians|RussianMarxist revolutionary and Vladimir Lenin's wife (d.1939)
- March 3
- Michael von Faulhaber, German cardinal and archbishop (d. 1952)
- Henry Wood (conductor)|Henry Wood, British conductor (d. 1944)
- March 12 - George William Forbes, New Zealand Prime Minister and first leader of the New Zealand National Party (d. 1947)
- March 14 - Algernon Blackwood, English writer (d. 1951)
- March 18 - Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1940)
- March 21 - Florenz Ziegfeld, American theatrical producer (d. 1932)
- March 22 - Emilio Aguinaldo, first President of the Philippines (d. 1964)
- April 2 - Hughie Jennings, American baseball player (d. 1928)
- April 4 - Mary Colter, American architect (d. 1958)
- April 8 - Harvey Cushing, American neurosurgeon (d. 1939)
- April 11 - Gustav Vigeland, Norwegian sculptor (d. 1943)
- April 27 - May Moss, Australian women's rights activist (d. 1948)
- May 5 - Hans Pfitzner, German composer (d. 1949)
- May 20 - John Stone Stone, American physicist and inventor (d. 1943)
- June 17 - Flora Finch, English-born comedian (d. 1940)
- June 27 - Hans Spemann, German embryologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1941)
July - December
- July 11 - Pio Valenzuela, Filipino people|Filipino doctor and patriot
- August 10 - Lawrence Binyon, English poet and scholar (d. 1943)
- September 3 - Fritz Pregl, Austrian chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1930)
- September 17 - Christian Lous Lange, Norwegian pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1938)
- September 23 - Mary Mallon, "Typhoid Mary" (d. 1938)
- October 2 - Mahatma Gandhi, Indian political leader, ''Father of the Nation'' (d. 1948)
- October 25 - John Heisman, American football coach (d. 1936)
- November 10 - Wayne Wheeler, American temperance movement leader (d. 1927)
- November 11 - Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy (d. 1947)
- November 20 - Herbert Tudor Buckland, seminal British Arts and crafts architect (d.1951)
- November 22 - André Gide, French writer and Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel laureate (d. 1951)
- November 25 - Herbert Greenfield, Premier of Alberta, Canada (d. 1949)
- November 30 - Gustaf Dalén, Swedish physicist and Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel laureate (d. 1937)
- December 16 - Hristo Tatarchev, Bulgaria|Bulgarian revolutionary and leader of the revolutionary movement in Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia and Eastern Thrace
- December 22 - Edwin Arlington Robinson, American poet (d. 1935)
- December 22 - Nathan Paine, American lumber baron (d. 1947)
- December 30 - Stephen Leacock, British-Canadian author and economist (d. 1944)
- December 31 - Henri Matisse, French painter (d. 1954)
Deaths
January - June
- January 1
- Martin W. Bates, American senator (b. 1786)
- James B. Longacre, fourth Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint (b. 1794)
- January 30 - William Carleton, Irish novelist (b. 1794)
- February 15 - Mirza Ghalib, Indian poet (b. 1796).
- March 8 - Hector Berlioz, French composer (b. 1803)
- March 20 - John Pascoe Grenfell, British admiral of the Brazilian Navy (b. 1800)
- March 24 - Antoine-Henri Jomini, French general (b. 1779)
- April 20 - Carl Loewe, German composer (b. 1796)
- June 16 - Charles Sturt, Australian explorer (b. 1795)
- June 20 - Hijikata Toshizou, Japanese military commander (b. 1835)
July - December
- July 18 - Laurent Clerc, American advocate for the deaf (b. 1785)
- July 22 - John A. Roebling, American bridge engineer (b. 1806)
- August 31 - Mary Ward (scientist)|Mary Ward, American scientist and the first car accident victim (b. 1827)
- September 4 - John Pascoe Fawkner, Australian pioneer, settler and politician, Melbourne, Victoria (b. 1792)
- September 12 - Peter Roget, British lexicographer (b. 1779)
- October 13 - Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, French literary critic (b. 1804)
- October 23 - Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1799)
- December 18 - Louis Moreau Gottschalk, American composer and pianist (b. 1829)
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