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1868
Year '''1868''' ('''Roman numerals|MDCCCLXVIII''') was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar).
Events of 1868
January - March
- January 3 - Meiji Emperor declares "Meiji Restoration", his own restoration to full power, against the supporters of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
- January 5 - War of the Triple Alliance: Brazilian Army commander Luís Alves de Lima e Silva enters Asunción, Paraguay's capital. Some days later he declares the war is over. Nevertheless, Francisco Solano López, Paraguay's president, prepares guerrillas to fight in the countryside
- January 6 - Asa Mercer and number of new "Mercer Girls" sail from Massachusetts for West Coast - they arrive in Seattle on May 23.
- January 10 - Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu declares emperor's declaration "illegal" and attacks Kyoto. Pro-Emperor forces drive his troops away. Shogun surrenders in May.
- February 13 - The War Office sanctions the formation of what will become the Post Office Rifles|Army Post Office Corps.
- February 16 - In New York City the Jolly Corks organization is renamed the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks (BPOE).
- February 24 - The first parade to have floats occurs at Mardi Gras in New Orleans, Louisiana.
- February 24 - After Andrew Johnson tried to dismiss United States Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, he becomes the first President of the United States to be impeachment|impeached by the United States House of Representatives. Johnson would later be acquitted by the United States Senate.
- March 1 - The Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity is founded at the University of Virginia.
- March 5 - A court of impeachment is organized in the United States Senate to hear charges against President Andrew Johnson.
- March 23 - The University of California is founded in Oakland, California when the Organic Act is signed into California law.
- March 24 - Metropolitan Life Insurance Company is formed.
- March 27 - The Lake Ontario Shore Railroad Company is organized in Oswego, New York.
April - June
- April 1 - Hampton University|Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute is established in Hampton, Virginia
- April 9 - Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia massacres at least 197, perhaps more, of his own people at Amba Mariam|Magdala. These were prisoners who had been, for the most part, incarcerated for very trivial offenses, and were killed for asking for bread and water.
- April 10 - A British-Indian task force inflicts 700 deaths and a crushing defeat on the army of Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia in the Battle of Magdala. The British and Indians suffer 30 wounded, 2 of whom die subsequently.
- April 13 - The 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia|Napier Expedition ends with the suicide of Tewodros and the capture of Magdala by the British-Indian task force.
- May 16 - President of the United States|President Andrew Johnson is acquitted during his impeachment trial, by one vote in the United States Senate.
- May 26 - Last public hanging in United Kingdom|Britain - Fenians|Fenian bomber Michael Barrett (Fenian)|Michael Barrett
- May 30 - Memorial Day is observed in the United States for the first time (it was proclaimed on May 5 by General John A. Logan).
- May 31 - Thomas Spence declares himself president of the Republic of Manitoba. He soon alienates the locals
- May 31 - The (popularly) first bicycle race is held at Parc de Saint-Cloud, Paris
- June 2 - The first Trades Union Congress is held in Manchester, England.
July - September
- July 5 - Preacher William Booth establishes the Christian Mission, predecessor of the Salvation Army, in the East End of London.
- July 25 - Wyoming becomes a Political divisions of the United States|United States territory.
- July 28 - The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is adopted guaranteeing African Americans full citizenship and all persons in the United States due process of law.
- August 18 - Helium is discovered by French people|French astronomer Pierre Janssen (and independently by Joseph Norman Lockyer on August 20).
- August 20 - Abergele Train Disaster in Wales: ''Irish Mail'' passenger train collides with 4 cargo trucks loaded with paraffin: 33 dead; first major train disaster in United Kingdom|Britain.
- August 22 - Yangzhou riot in China targets station of the China Inland Mission and nearly leads to war between United Kingdom|Britain and China.
- September 18 - First convocation of the University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee|Sewanee, Tennessee.
- September 23 - Rebels (Some 400–600) in the town of Puerto Rico|Lares declare Puerto Rico independent. Local militia easily defeats them a week later.
- late September - Queen Isabella II of Spain is effectively deposed and sent into exile; she will formally abdication|abdicate June 25, 1870.
October - December
- October 1 - Chulalongkorn starts to rule in Siam
- October 6 - New York City|The City of New York grants Mount Sinai Hospital, New York|Mount Sinai Hospital a ninety-nine year lease for a property on Lexington Avenue and 66th Street (Manhattan)|66th Street – for the sum of .00.
- October 10 - Carlos Manuel de Céspedes declared a revolt against Spanish rule in Cuba in an event known as ''El Grito de Yara'', initiating a war that lasted ten years. Cuba would ultimately lose the war at a cost of 400,000 lives and widespread destruction.
- October 28 - Thomas Edison applied for his first patent, the electric vote recorder.
- November - Ulysses S. Grant defeats Horatio Seymour in the U.S. presidential election, 1868|U.S. presidential election.
- November 2 - New Zealand officially adopts nationally observed standard time, and was perhaps the first country to do so.
- November 27 - Indian Wars: Battle of Washita River - In the early morning, United States Army Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer leads an attack on a band of Cheyenne living on reservation land with Chief Black Kettle, killing 103 Cheyenne.
- December 6 - Battle of Itororó or Ytororó. Field-Marshall Luís Alves de Lima e Silva leads 13,000 Brazilian troops against a Paraguayan fortified position of 5,000 troops. War of the Triple Alliance
- December 25 - US President Andrew Johnson grants unconditional pardon to all American Civil War|Civil War rebels.
Undated
- Thomas Henry Huxley discovers what he thinks is a primordial matter and names it ''bathybius|bathybius haecklii'' (he admits his mistake in 1871)
- Establishment of the Académie Julian - a major art school in Paris, France that admitted women.
- The Dortmunder Actien Brauerei is founded in Germany.
- Brisbane Grammar School was founded, providing the opportunity for secondary education for the first time in the colony of Brisbane in Australia.
- Herrenhauser Brewery was established in Hanover, Germany.
- Maryland School for the Deaf established.
- The Roman Catholic Diocese of Tucson|Roman Catholic See of Tucson was established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Arizona in 1868, taking its territory from the former Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santa Fe|Diocese of Santa Fe. The Diocese of Tucson was canonically erected on May 8, 1897.
- Political leaders behind Japanese emperor issue in his name a 5 point charter that promises representative government.
- Population of Japan - c. 30 million.
Births
January - June
- January 9 - S.P.L. Sørensen, Danish chemist (d. 1939)
- January 11 - Cai Yuanpei, Chinese educator (d. 1940)
- January 31 - Theodore William Richards, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1928)
- February 10 - William Allen White, American journalist (d. 1944)
- February 23 - W.E.B. DuBois, American civil rights leader (d. 1963)
- February 26 - Venceslau Brás, Brazilian president (d. 1966)
- March 14 - Emily Murphy, Canadian woman's rights activist (d. 1933)
- March 22 - Robert Millikan, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1953)
- March 25 - William Lockwood, English cricketer (d. 1932)
- March 28 - Maxim Gorky, Russian author (d. 1936)
- April 8 - Herbert Jennings, Zoology (d. 1947)
- April 10 - George Arliss, English actor (d. 1946)
- April 28 - Lucy Booth, the fifth daughter of William Booth|William and Catherine Booth (d. 1953)
- May 6 - Nicholas II of Russia (d. 1918)
- May 6 - Gaston Leroux, French writer (d. 1927)
- May 29 - Abdul Mejid II, last Caliph of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1944)
- June 5 - James Connolly, Irish socialist (d. 1916)
- June 7 - Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Scottish architect (d. 1928)
- June 14 - Karl Landsteiner, Austrian biologist and physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1943)
- June 18 - Georges Lacombe, French artist (d. 1916)
July - December
- July 12 - Stefan George, German poet (d. 1933)
- July 14 - Gertrude Bell, English archaeologist, writer, spy, and administrator (d. 1926)
- August 23 - Edgar Lee Masters, American poet, biographer and dramatist. (d. 1950)
- August 26 - Charles Stewart (Canadian politician)|Charles Stewart, Premier of Alberta (d. 1946)
- September 1 - Henri Bourassa, Canadian politician and publisher (d. 1952)
- September 6 - Heinrich Häberlin, Swiss politician, member of the Federal Council (d. 1947)
- September 17 - James Alexander Calder, Canadian politician (d. 1956)
- October 18 - Ernst Didring, Swedish writer (d. 1931)
- November 7 - Delfim Moreira, Brazilian president (d. 1920)
- November 8 - Felix Hausdorff, German mathematician (d. 1942)
- November 9 - Marie Dressler, Canadian actress (d. 1934)
- November 14 - Steele Rudd|Arthur Hoey Davis, Australian author (d. 1935)
- November 22 - John Nance Garner, U.S. Vice President (d. 1967)
- December 9 - Fritz Haber, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1934)
Deaths
January - June
- February 11 - Leon Foucault|Léon Foucault, French astronomer (b. 1819)
- February 29 - King Ludwig I of Bavaria (b. 1786)
- March 4 - Jesse Chisholm, American pioneer (b. 1805)
- March 28 - James Thomas Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan, British military leader (b. 1797)
- April 3 - Franz Berwald, Swedish composer (b. 1796)
- April 7 - Thomas D'Arcy McGee, Canadian father of confederation (assassinated) (b. 1825)
- April 13 - Emperor Theodore or Tewodros II of Ethiopia (Abyssinia), by suicide (b. 1818)
- May 7 - Henry Peter Brougham, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1778)
- May 10 - Henry Bennett (US politician)|Henry Bennett, American politician (b. 1808)
- May 17 - Isami Kondo, Commander of the Shinsengumi (b. 1834)
- May 23 - Kit Carson, American trapper, scout, and Indian agent (b. 1809)
- June 1 - James Buchanan, 15th President of the United States (b. 1791)
- June 22 - Heber C. Kimball, Mormon church leader (b. 1801)
July - December
- July 6 - Sanosuke Harada, Shinsengumi Captain (b. 1840)
- July 19 - Soji Okita, Shinsengumi Captain (b. 1842 or 1844)
- September 19 - William Sprague (congressman)|William Sprague, American minister and politician from Michigan (b. 1809)
- September 26 - August Ferdinand Möbius, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1790)
- October 17 - Laura Secord, Canadian patriot (b. 1775)
- October 18 - Mongkut, Rama IV, King of Thailand (b. 1804)
- October 27 - Charles Thomas Longley, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1794)
- November 13 - Gioacchino Rossini, Italian composer (b. 1792)
- November 15 - James Mayer Rothschild, German-born banker (b. 1792)
- December 6 - August Schleicher, German linguist (b. 1821)
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