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1866
Year '''1866''' ('''Roman numerals|MDCCCLXVI''') was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar).
Events
January–March
- January 1 - The last issue of the abolitionist magazine ''The Liberator'' is published.
- January 6 - Ottoman Empire|Ottoman troops clash with men of a Maronite leader Karam in St. Doumit in Lebanon; the Ottomans are defeated.
- January 12 - The ''Royal Aeronautical Society'' is formed (London).
- February 7 - Battle of Abtao: A Spanish naval squadron fights a combined Peruvian-Chilean fleet, at the island of Abtao in the Chiloé Island|Chiloé Archipelago of central Chile.
- February 13 - The first daylight bank robbery in United States history during peacetime takes place in Liberty, Missouri. This is considered to be the first robbery committed by Jesse James (outlaw)|Jesse James and his gang, although James's role is disputed.
- February 26 - The Calaveras Skull is discovered. Purported to be evidence of humans during the Pliocene Age, it turns out to be a hoax.
- February 28 - The month concludes without having a full moon.
April–June
- April 4 - Alexander II of Russia narrowly escapes an assassination attempt in the city of Kiev. A design for a city gate to commemorate his escape is the inspiration for Modest Mussorgsky|Mussorgsky's ''The Great Gate of Kiev'' from ''Pictures at an Exhibition''.
- April 10 - The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) is founded in New York City by Henry Bergh.
- May - Student Ferdinand Cohen-Blind fails to assassinate Otto von Bismarck in Unter den Linden in Berlin.
- May 2 - Battle of Callao: Peruvian defenders fight the Spain|Spanish fleet.
- May 11 - London bank Overend, Gurney and Company collapses, precipitating a financial crisis.
- May 16 - The Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress approves the minting of a nickel 5-cent coin (Nickel (United States coin)|nickel), eliminating its predecessor, the half dime, is not completed until 1873 because of pressure from silver mining interests (Walter Breen).
- May 24 - Battle of Tuyutí: 32,000 soldiers of the War of the Triple Alliance|Triple Alliance defeat 24,000 Paraguayan soldiers few miles north of the Paraná, Argentina, with 16,000 casualties.
- May 26 - First Production of Cox and Box by Francis Burnand and Arthur Sullivan at Moray Lodge, Kensington
- June 2 - Fenian forces skirmish with Canadian militia at Battle of Ridgeway|Ridgeway and Battle of Fort Erie (1866)|Fort Erie.
- June 5 - Calculations indicate Pluto reaches its most recent apsis|aphelion (furthest point from Sun) on this day (the next aphelion will occur in ''August 2113'').
- June 8 - The Canadian Parliament meets for the first time in Ottawa.
- June 11 - The Agra High Court is established (later shifted to the Allahabad High Court).
- June 14 - The Austro-Prussian War begins, when the Austrians and most of the medium German states declare war on Prussia.
- June 20 - The Kingdom of Italy declares war on Austria.
- June 27-June 29 - Second Battle of Langensalza|Battle of Langensalza: The Prussians defeat the Kingdom of Hanover|Hanoverian army.
July–September
- July 1 - The first Constitution of Romania is issued.
- July 3 - Battle of Königgratz: the Prussian army under Wilhelm I of Germany|King Wilhelm and Helmuth von Moltke the Elder|Helmuth von Moltke defeats the Austrian army of Lajos Benedek, leading to a decisive Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War.
- July 5 - Princess Helena of the United Kingdom, third daughter of Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria, maries Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein|Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg.
- July 20 - Naval Battle of Lissa (1866)|Battle of Lissa: The Austrian fleet under Wilhelm von Tegetthoff defeats the Italian fleet of Carlo di Persano.
- July 24 - Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction: Tennessee becomes the first U.S. state to be readmitted to the United States|Union following the American Civil War.
- July 25 - The Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress passes legislation authorizing the rank of General of the Army (now called "5-star general"); Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant becomes the first to have this rank.
- July 27 - The Atlantic Cable is successfully completed, allowing transatlantic Telegraphy|telegraph communication for the first time.
- July 28 - The ''Metric Act of 1866'' becomes law and legalizes the standardization of weights and measures in the United States.
- August 23 - The Peace of Prague (1866)|Treaty of Prague ends the Austro-Prussian War.
- September - The Great Tea Race of 1866 ends in London, narrowly won by the clipper ship ''Taeping''.
- September 22 - Paraguay successfully defends Curupaity against the War of the Triple Alliance|Triple Alliance, killing more than 5,000 with just about 50 casualties.
October–December
- October 12 - The Treaty of Vienna (1866)|Treaty of Vienna ends the war between Austria and Italy; it formalizes the annexation of Venetia by Italy.
- October 14 - French troops under the command of Rear Admiral Pierre-Gustave Roze land at Ganghwa Island, Korea as part of French Campaign against Korea, 1866|a punitive expedition against that kingdom for the execution of French Jesuit priests. It is the first military contact between Korea and a Western force.
- November 7 - The Ruse-Varna railway line (the first railway in Bulgaria) officially opens.
Undated
- Federalist revolts occur in Argentina.
- In Sweden, the Riksdag of the Estates is replaced by an elected 2-chamber assembly, the Riksdag.
- Alfred Nobel invents dynamite in Germany.
Ongoing
- Caste War of Yucatán (1847-1901)
- French intervention in Mexico (1862-1867)
- New Zealand land wars (1843-1872)
- Snake War (1864-1868)
- War of the Triple Alliance (1864-1870)
Births
January–June
- January 13 - Vasily Kalinnikov, Russian composer (d. 1901)
- January 15 - Nathan Söderblom, Swedish archbishop, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1931)
- January 29 - Romain Rolland, French writer, Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1944)
- March 30 - George Van Haltren, baseball player (d. 1945)
- April 1 - Ferruccio Busoni, Italian pianist and composer (d. 1924)
- April 13 - Butch Cassidy, American outlaw (d. 1909)
- April 14 - Anne Sullivan, tutor of Helen Keller (d. 1936)
- April 17 - Ernest Starling, British physiologist (d. 1927)
- April 24 - Ishii Kikujiro, Japanese diplomat (d. 1945)
- May 5 - Thomas B. Thrige, Danish industrialist (d. 1938)
- May 17 - Erik Satie, French composer (d. 1925)
- June 4 - Miina Sillanpää, Finnish politician (d. 1952)
- June 26 - George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, English financier of Egyptian excavations (d. 1923)
July–December
- July 3 - Albert Gottschalk, Danish painter (d. 1906)
- July 6 - Charles Mangin, French general (d. 1925)
- July 13 - La Goulue, French dancer (d. 1929)
- July 28 - Beatrix Potter, English children's author (d. 1943)
- August 6 - Matthew Henson, American explorer (d. 1955)
- August 12 - Jacinto Benavente, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1954)
- September 1 - James J. Corbett, American boxer (d. 1933)
- September 7 - Tristan Bernard, French writer (d. 1947)
- September 10 - Jeppe Aakjaer, Danish poet and novelist (d. 1930)
- September 21
- Charles Nicolle, French bacteriologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1936)
- H. G. Wells, English writer (d. 1946)
- September 27 - Eurosia Fabris, Italian Catholic ''Blessed'' (d. 1932)
- September 25 - Thomas Hunt Morgan, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1945)
- October 12 - Ramsay MacDonald, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1937)
- November 12 - Sun Yat-sen, Chinese revolutionary (d. 1925)
- November 30 - Robert Broom, Scottish paleontologist (d. 1951)
- December 12 - Alfred Werner, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1919)
- December 16 (December 4 O.S.) - Wassily Kandinsky, Russian-born painter (d. 1944)
Deaths
January–June
- January 23 - Thomas Love Peacock, English satirist (b. 1785)
- January 31 - Friedrich Rückert, German poet, translator, and professor of Oriental languages (b. 1788)
- January - Thomas Baldwin Marsh, American religious leader (b. 1799)
- March 4 - Alexander Campbell, Irish/U.S. founder of the Disciples of Christ (b. 1788)
- March 6 - William Whewell, English scientist, philosopher, and historian of science (b. 1794)
- March 20 - Rikard Nordraak, Norwegian composer (b. 1842)
- March 21 - Nadezhda Durova, first female Russian military officer (b. 1783)
- March 28 - Solomon Foot, American politician (b. 1802)
- April 4 - William Dick, founder of Edinburgh Veterinary College (b. 1793)
- April 5 - Thomas Hodgkin, British physician (b. 1798)
- May 13 - Nikolai Brashman, Russian mathematician of Czech origin (b.1796)
- May 29 - Winfield Scott, American general and presidential candidate (b. 1786)
- June 7 - Chief Sealth, Native American whom Seattle is named for (b. c. 1786)
July–December
- July 20 - Bernhard Riemann, German mathematician (b. 1826)
- August 6 - Christian Eric Fahlcrantz, Swedish writer (b. 1790)
- August 20 - Maria De Mattias, Catholic saint (b. 1805)
- October 13 - Celadon Leeds Daboll, American merchant and inventor (b. 1818)
- November 11 - Agustin Jerónimo de Iturbide y Huarte, Prince Imperial of Mexico (b. 1807)
- November 26 - Jean-Jacques Willmar, Luxembourg politician (b. 1792)
- December 1 - George Everest, Welsh geodesist (b. 1790)
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