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1853

- January 8 - Taiping Rebellion: Zeng Guofan is ordered to assist the governor of Hunan in organising a militia force to search for local bandits.
- January 12 - Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping army occupies Wuchang, Hubei|Wuchang.
- January 19 - Giuseppe Verdi|Giuseppe Verdi's opera ''Il Trovatore'' premieres in performance at Teatro Apollo in Rome.
- February 10 - Taiping Rebellion: Taiping forces assemble at Hanyang District|Hanyang, Hankou District|Hankou and Wuchang District|Wuchang for the march on Nanjing.
- February 12 - Puerto Montt is founded in the Reloncaví Sound, Chile.
- February 22 - Washington University is founded as Eliot Seminary.
- March 4 - Franklin Pierce succeeds Millard Fillmore as the 14th President of the United States.
- March 20 - Taiping Rebellion: A rebel army of around 750,000 seizes Nanjing, killing 30,000 Imperial troops.
- May - An outbreak of yellow fever kills 7,790 in New Orleans.
- May 23 - The first plat for Seattle|Seattle, Washington is laid out.
- June 27 - Taiping Rebellion: The Northern Expeditionary Force crosses the Yellow River.

- July 8 - U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry (naval officer)|Matthew Perry arrives in Edo Bay with a request for a trade treaty.
- July 25 Outlaw and bandit Joaquin Murietta is killed in California.
- August 12 - New Zealand acquires self-government.
- August 23 - The first true International Meteorological Organization is established in Brussels, Belgium.
- August 24 - Potato chips are first prepared.
- September 19 - Hudson Taylor first leaves for China.
- October 4/October 5 - Crimean War: The Ottoman Empire declares war on Russia.
- October 28 - Crimean War: The Ottoman army crosses the Danube into Vidin/Kalafat in Wallachia.
- October 30 - Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping Northern Expeditionary Force comes within three miles of Tianjin.
- November 3 - Troops of William Walker (soldier)|William Walker capture La Paz in Baja California and declare the (short-lived) Republic of Lower California.
- November 15 - Maria II of Portugal is succeeded by her son Pedro V of Portugal|Pedro.
- November 30 - Crimean War - Battle of Sinop: The Russian fleet destroys the Turkey|Turkish fleet.
- December 6 - Taiping Rebellion: France|French Minister (diplomacy)|minister de Bourboulon arrives at the Heavenly Capital aboard the ''Cassini''.
- December 30 - Gadsden Purchase: The United States buys land from Mexico to facilitate railroad building in the Southwest.

- The Royal Norwegian Navy Museum is founded.
- Alexander Wood (physician)|Alexander Wood invents the hypodermic syringe.
- Donald McKay builds the ''Great Republic'', the world's biggest sailing ship, which at 4,500 tons is too large to be successful.
- The Isambard Kingdom Brunel begins work on the ''SS Great Eastern|Great Eastern'' passenger steamer.
- The Independent Santa Cruz Maya of Eastern Yucatan are recognized as an independent nation by the British Empire.
- Iesada succeeds Ieoshi as Japanese Shogun.
- The Late Tokugawa shogunate (the last part of the Edo period in Japan) begins.
- Stephen Foster writes ''My Old Kentucky Home''.
- The University of Florida is established.
- The Swiss watch company ''Tissot'' is founded.
- Wheaton Academy founded in West Chicago, Illinois
- 1853-1873 - More than 130,000 Chinese laborers come to Cuba.

- January 16 - Johnston Forbes-Robertson, actor (d. 1937)
- January 28 - José Martí, Cuban revolutionary (d. 1895)
- February 6 - Ignacij Klemenčič, Slovenian physicist (d. 1901)
- March 14 - Ferdinand Hodler, Swiss painter (d. 1918)
- March 30 - Vincent van Gogh, Dutch painter (d. 1890)
- May 28 - Carl Larsson, Swedish painter (d. 1919)
- June 3 - William Flinders Petrie, English Egyptologist (d. 1942)
- June 12 - Chester Adgate Congdon, Minnesota mining magnate (d. 1916)
- July 5 - Cecil Rhodes, English businessman (d. 1902)
- July 18 - Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1928)
- September 2 - Wilhelm Ostwald, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1932)
- September 16 - Albrecht Kossel, German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1927)
- September 20 - Chulalongkorn, Rama V, king of Thailand (d. 1910)
- September 21 - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1926)
- December 6 - Haraprasad Shastri, Indian academic, Sanskrit scholar, archivist and historian of Bengali literature (d. 1931)

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