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1849
Year '''1849''' ('''Roman numerals|MDCCCXLIX''') was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar).
Events of 1849
January - March
- January 1
- France issues Ceres series (France)|Ceres, France's first postage stamp.
- In Milan, anti-Austrian activists Community organizing|organize a smoking boycott in protest of the Austrian monopoly on tobacco. Protests erupt into brief riots.
- January 12 - Palermo, Sicily rises up against Austrian troops.
- January 13 -Second Anglo-Sikh War - United Kingdom|British forces retreat from the Battle of Tooele.
- January 21 - General elections are held in the Papal States.
- January 23 - Elizabeth Blackwell (doctor)|Elizabeth Blackwell is awarded her M.D. by the Medical Institute of Geneva, New York, thus becoming the United States' first woman doctor.
- January 31 - The Corn Laws are abolished in the United Kingdom (following legislation in 1846).
- February 8 - The Roman Republic (19th century)|New Roman Republic is established.
- February 14 - In New York City, James Knox Polk becomes the first President of the United States to have his photograph taken.
- February 28 - Regular steamboat service from the west to the east coast of the United States begins with the arrival of the SS California|SS ''California'' in San Francisco Bay. The ''California'' leaves New York Harbor on October 6, 1848, rounds Cape Horn at the tip of South America, and arrives at San Francisco, California after the 4 month 21 day journey.
- March - The Frankfurt Parliament completes its drafting of a liberal constitution and elects Frederick William IV emperor of the new German national state.
- March 3
- Minnesota becomes a Political divisions of the United States|United States territory.
- The United States Department of the Interior is established.
- The Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress passes the Gold Coinage Act allowing the minting of gold coins.
- March 4 - Zachary Taylor refuses to be sworn in office on a Sabbath in Christianity|Sabbath (Sunday). Urban legend holds that David Rice Atchison, President pro tempore of the United States Senate was President ''de jure'' for a single day.
- March 5 - Zachary Taylor, the 12th President of the United States of America, takes his oath of office.
- March 28 - Four Christians are ordered burnt alive in Antananarivo, Madagascar by Queen Ranavalona I and 14 others are executed.
- March 29 - The United Kingdom annexes the Punjab region|Punjab.
April - June
- April 1 - After 10 days, the insurrection in Brescia is ended by Austrian Empire|Austrian troops.
- April 2 - The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states end and fail.
- April 14 - Hungary declares independence from Austria.
- April 21 - Irish Potato Famine: 96 inmates of the overcrowded Ballinrobe Union Workhouse die over the course of the preceding week from illness and other famine-related conditions, a record high.
- April 25 - The Governor General of Canada, Lord Elgin, signs the Rebellion Losses Bill, outraging Montreal's English-Canadian|English population and triggering the Montreal Riots.
- April 27 - Giuseppe Garibaldi enters Rome to defend it from the French troops of General Oudinot.
- May 3
- The May Uprising in Dresden (the last of the The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states|German revolutions of 1848) begins.
- The Mississippi River levee at Sauvé's Crevasse breaks, flooding much of New Orleans, Louisiana.
- May 15 - Troops of the Two Sicilies take Palermo and crush the republican government of Sicily.
- May 17 - The St. Louis Fire (1849)|St. Louis Fire starts when a steamboat catches fire and nearly burns down the entire city.
- June 5 - Denmark becomes a constitutional monarchy.
- June 6
- Fort Worth, Texas is founded.
- 130,000 Russian troops pour into Hungary and subdue the country after bitter fighting.
July - September
- July 3 - French troops occupy Rome; the Roman Republic (19th century)|Roman Republic surrenders.
- July 6 - The Denmark|Danish Army beats the Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian army at Fredericia, Jutland, thereby putting an end to the Prussian/Danish War until 1864.
- August 8 - Austria crushes the Hungarian rebellion with Russian aid.
- August 24 - Venice surrenders to Austrian troops after a 4-month siege.
- September 1 - The first segment of the Pennsylvania Railroad, from Lewiston, Pennsylvania to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, opens for service.
October - December
- October 6 - The 13 Martyrs of Arad are executed after the Hungarian War of Independence.
- November - Austin College receives a charter in Huntsville.
- November 16 - A Russian court sentences Fyodor Dostoevsky to death for anti-government activities linked to a radical intellectual group, but his execution is cancelled at the last minute.
Ongoing Events
- Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849)|Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849)
- First war of Schleswig (1848-1850)
- California Gold Rush (1848-1855)
Births
January - June
- January 9 - John Hartley (tennis)|John Hartley, English tennis player, double winner of Wimbledon (d. 1935)
- January 14 - James Moore (cyclist)|James Moore, winner of the first ever cycle race (d. 1935)
- January 18
- Edmund Barton, first Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1920)
- Aleksander Świętochowski, Polish writer of the Positivist period (d. 1938)
- January 22 - August Strindberg, Swedish author, playwright, and painter (d. 1912)
- February 13 - Lord Randolph Churchill, British statesman (d. 1895)
- February 18 - Alexander Kielland, Norwegian author (d. 1906)
- February 22 - Nikolay Yakovlevich Sonin, Russian mathematician (d. 1915)
- March 2 - Robert Means Thompson, American naval officer (d. 1930)
- March 7 - Luther Burbank, American biologist and botanist (d. 1926)
- March 19 - Alfred von Tirpitz, German soldier (d. 1930)
- April 6 - John William Waterhouse, Italian-born artist (d. 1917)
- May 3 - Bernhard von Bülow, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1929)
- May 16 - Jalaleddin Ali Mir Abolfazl Angha, 39th Oveyssi Sufi master (d. 1914)
- May 22 - Louis Perrier, member of the Swiss Federal Council (d. 1913)
- June 9 - Michael Peter Ancher, Danish painter (d. 1927)
July - December
- July 22 - Emma Lazarus, American poet (d. 1887)
- July 29 - Max Nordau, Austrian author, philosopher, and Zionism|Zionist leader (d. 1923)
- August 28 - Benjamin Godard, French composer (d. 1895)
- September 3 - Sarah Orne Jewett, American writer (d. 1909)
- September 14 - Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, Russian researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1936)
- November 24 - Frances Hodgson Burnett, English-American playwright and author (d. 1945)
- November 29 - John Ambrose Fleming, English electrical engineer and inventor (d. 1924)
- December 4 - Crazy Horse, Chief of the Oglala Sioux (d. 1877)
- December 5 - Eduard Seler, Prussian scholar and Mesoamericanist (d. 1922)
- December 6 - August von Mackensen, German field marshal (d. 1945)
- December 12 - William Kissam Vanderbilt, American railway magnate (d. 1920)
- Muhammad Abduh, Islamic reformer (d. 1905)
Deaths
January - June
- February 8 - France Prešeren, Slovenian poet (b. 1800)
- March 14 - King Willem II of the Netherlands (b. 1792)
- May 11 - Juliette Récamier, French socialite (b. 1777)
- May 22 - Maria Edgeworth, List of Irish novelists|Irish novelist (b. 1767)
- May 25 - Benjamin d'Urban, British general and colonial administrator (b. 1777)
- May 28 - Anne Brontë, English author (b. 1820)
- June 10 - Thomas Robert Bugeaud, Marshal of France and duke of Isly (b. 1784)
- June 15 - James Knox Polk, 11th President of the United States (b. 1795)
July - December
- July 12 - Dolley Madison, First Lady of the United States (b. 1768)
- July 28 - King Charles Albert of Sardinia (b. 1798)
- August 2 - Muhammad Ali of Egypt (b. 1769)
- September 25 - Johann Strauss I|Johann Strauss, Senior, Austrian composer (b. 1804)
- October 7 - Edgar Allan Poe, American writer (b. 1809)
- October 17 - Frédéric Chopin, Polish-French musician and composer (b. 1810)
- October 22 - William Miller (preacher)|William Miller, American Baptist preacher (b. 1782)
- December 2 - Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, queen of William IV of the United Kingdom (b. 1792)
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