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1814
Year '''1814''' ('''Roman numerals|MDCCCXIV''') was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar).
Events of 1814
January - March
- January 14 - Denmark cedes Norway to Sweden in exchange for west Pomerania, as part of the Treaty of Kiel.
- January 29 - Battle of Brienne: The France|French army of Emperor Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I wins.
- January 31 - Gervasio Antonio de Posadas becomes Supreme Director of Argentina.
- February - George Hamilton Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen represents Britain at the Congress of Chatillon.
- February 11 - Norway's independence is proclaimed, marking the ultimate end of the Kalmar Union.
- February 12 - A fire destroys the Custom House, London|Custom House in London.
- February 14 - Napoleon I of France|Napoleon wins the Battle of Vauchamps.
- February 18 - Napoleon I of France|Napoleon wins the Battle of Montereau.
- February 21 - Great Stock Exchange Fraud of 1814.
- March 7 - Napoleon I of France|Napoleon wins the Battle of Craonne.
- March 9 - the USS Enterprise (1799)|USS Enterprise reaches Wilmington, North Carolina|Wilmington, North Carolina, returning from the Caribbean.
- March 10 - Napoleon I of France|Napoleon is defeated at the Battle of Laon in France.
- March 12 - Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angouleme enters Bordeaux, marking the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty.
- March 27 - War of 1812 - Battle of Horseshoe Bend: In northern Alabama, United States forces under General Andrew Jackson defeat the Creek (people)|Creek Indians.
- March 30 - Napoleonic Wars: Sixth Coalition forces march into Paris.
- March 31 - War of the Sixth Coalition|Anti-Napoleonic troops occupy Paris.
April - June
- April 6 - Emperor Napoleon I of France|Napoleon abdicates; Louis XVIII becomes King of France.
- April 10 - the Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington wins the Battle of Toulouse (1814)|Battle of Toulouse.
- April 12 - The Royal Norwegian Navy is re-established.
- May 3 - The Duke of Provence, the future Louis XVIII of France, returns to Paris.
- May 5 - War of 1812|British-American War (War of 1812): The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British attack Fort Ontario at Oswego, New York.
- May 17 - The Constitution of Norway is signed and the Denmark|Danish Crown Prince Christian VIII of Denmark|Christian Frederik is elected King of Norway by the Norwegian Constituent Assembly.
- May 17 - The Military occupation|occupation of Monaco changes from France|French to Austrian hands.
- May 30 - The Treaty of Paris (1814)|First Treaty of Paris is signed returning France's borders to their 1792 extent. Napoleon I of France is exiled to Elba on the same day.
July - September
- July 5 - War of 1812 - Battle of Chippewa: United States|American Major General Jacob Brown defeats United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British General Phineas Riall at Chippewa, Ontario.
- July 24 - War of 1812: General Phineas Riall advances toward Niagara Falls, Ontario to halt Jacob Brown's United States|American invaders.
- July 25 - George Stephenson tests his locomotive ''Blucher'' successfully.
- July 25 - War of 1812 - Battle of Lundy's Lane : Reinforcements arrive near Niagara Falls, Ontario for General Riall's United Kingdom|British and Canada|Canadian force, and a bloody, all-night battle with Jacob Brown's United States|Americans commences at 1800 hours; United States|Americans retreat to Fort Erie.
- August 7 - Pope Pius VII decrees the bull Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum reestablishing the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) all over the world, after having approved their survival and existence in Russia.
- August 12 - In England, the last hanging under the Black Act is carried out, of William Potter for cutting down an orchard (even the judge petitioned for reprieve).
- August 13 - The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 is signed.
- August 24 - War of 1812: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British troops occupy Washington, DC, Burning of Washington|setting numerous buildings on fire, including the Capitol.
- August 28 - Alexandria, Virginia offers surrender to the United Kingdom|British fleet without a fight.
- September 11 – War of 1812 - Battle of Plattsburgh|Battle of Lake Champlain: An United States|American squadron under Thomas MacDonough defeats the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British squadron, ultimately forcing the invading army to retreat back into Canada.
- September 13 – War of 1812: The British bombard Fort McHenry at Baltimore. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British failure at the Battle of Baltimore is a turning point in the war, and the United States|American defense of the fort inspires Francis Scott Key to compose the poem later set to music as ''The Star Spangled Banner''.
October - December
- October - A large vat full of porter (beer) owned by Meux's Brewery bursts, demolishing houses and killing 9 people (8 people drown and one person dies of alcohol poisoning, after attempting to stop the flood by drinking the beer).
- November 7 – War of 1812: Andrew Jackson seizes Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola, Florida.
- December 15 – The Hartford Convention is convened by members of the American Federalist Party.
- December 24 – War of 1812: The Treaty of Ghent is signed, officially ending the war.
Undated
- Missionaries attempt to write down the Maori language.
- George Stephenson designs his first locomotive ''Blücher (locomotive)|Blücher''.
- Sir Walter Scott writes ''Waverley (novel)|Waverley''.
- Guyana is transferred from the Netherlands to United Kingdom|Britain; it is renamed ''British Guiana''.
Ongoing events
- Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)-Peninsular War/Sixth Coalition
- War of 1812 (1812-1815)
- Norway in 1814
Births
January - June
- January 1 - Hong Xiuquan, Chinese rebel (d. 1864)
- January 27 - Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, French architect (d. 1879)
- February 18 - Samuel Fenton Cary, American politician and temperance activist (d. 1900)
- March 9 - Taras Shevchenko, Ukrainian poet, nationalist, and founder of the Ukrainian language (d. 1861)
- April 3 - Lorenzo Snow, fifth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1901)
- April 21 - Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts, English philanthropist (d. 1906)
- May 12 - Adolf von Henselt, German composer
- May 30 - Mikhail Bakunin, Russian anarchist (d. 1876)
July - December
- July 19 - Samuel Colt, American gun maker (d. 1862)
- August 8 - Esther Hobart Morris|Esther Morris, American suffragist and judge (d. 1902)
- August 10 - Henri Nestlé, German-born Swiss chocolate magnate (d. 1890)
- August 13 - Anders Jonas Ångström, Swedish physicist (d. 1874)
- August 23 - James Roosevelt Bayley, first Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark|Bishop of Newark, New Jersey, and the eighth Archbishop of Baltimore (d. 1877)
- August 28 - Sheridan le Fanu, Irish writer (d. 1873)
- September 2 - Ernst Curtius, German archaeologist and historian (d. 1896)
- September 8 - Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg|Charles-Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, French writer and historian (d. 1874)
- September 27 - Daniel Kirkwood, astronomer (d. 1895)
- October 4 - Jean-François Millet, French painter (d. 1875)
- October 7 - Susanna Dickinson, survivor of the Alamo
- October 15 - Mikhail Lermontov, Russian writer (d. 1841)
- November 6 - Adolphe Sax, Belgian instrument maker and inventor (d. 1894)
- November 22 - Serranus Clinton Hastings, American politician (d. 1893)
- ''date unknown'' - Táhirih, Persian Bahá'í heroine
Deaths
January - June
- January 27
- Philip Astley, English circus promoter (b. 1742)
- Johann Gottlieb Fichte, German philosopher (b. 1762)
- March 28 - Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, French inventor (b. 1738)
- April 1 - Joseph de Ferraris, Austrian cartographer of the Austrian Netherlands (b. 1726)
- April 12 - Charles Burney, English music historian (b. 1726)
- May 29 - Josephine de Beauharnais, Empress of France (b. 1763)
July - December
- July 12 - William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, British general
- July 19 - Captain Matthew Flinders, English explorer of the coasts of Australia (b. 1774)
- August 21
- Antonio Carnicero, Spanish painter (b. 1748)
- Benjamin Thompson, American physicist and inventor (b. 1753)
- August 31 - Arthur Phillip, British admiral and first governor of New South Wales (b. 1738)
- September 8 - Marie Caroline of Austria, queen of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, and ''de facto'' ruler (b. 1752)
- October 19 - Mercy Otis Warren, American playwright (b. 1728)
- November 23 - Elbridge Gerry, 5th Vice President of the United States of America (b. 1744)
- December 2 - Donatien Alphonse Francois de Sade, French writer (b. 1740)
- December 13 - Charles Joseph, Prince de Ligne, Austrian field marshal (b. 1735)
- December 19 - Joseph Bramah, inventor of the hydraulic press (b. 1748)
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